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MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles

2026-05-18T01:51:25Z

Boursk: Fixed typo

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Korean titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Revised Romanization of Korean with adjustments ===
We follow the '''[[wikipedia:Revised_Romanization_of_Korean|Revised Romanization of Korean]] (RR)''' with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Loanword restoration|Loanword restoration]]''': Translate clear '''English/foreign loanwords''' into their standard spelling (e.g., 택시 → '''Taxi''', 헌터 → '''Hunter''') instead of strict transliteration (''Taeksi'', ''Heonteo'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particle]] separation''': All grammatical particles are '''separated by a space''' and written in '''lowercase''', regardless of standard Hangul agglutination (e.g., 나를 → '''Na reul''')
* '''Pronunciation-based transcription''': Romanization reflects '''pronunciation''' (sound changes/assimilation) rather than strict Hangul orthography, strictly adhering to standard RR rules (e.g., 독립 → '''Dongnip''', not ''Dokrip'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|Personal names]]''': Family names are capitalized, and given names are hyphenated (e.g., 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Korean literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|''verbs'', ''adjectives'']], ''adverbs'' and ''auxiliary verbs'' (when separated).
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particles]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Korean is an agglutinate language, but for title legibility, we standardize distinct word boundaries.

* '''Nouns and''' '''compounds''': Keep compound nouns separate unless they are established single dictionary words.
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|Verbs and adjectives]]''': The verb stem and its grammatical endings (suffixes) are always '''fused''' (e.g., 가다 → '''''Gada''''', 갔습니다 → '''''Gasseumnida''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Auxiliary verbs|'''Auxiliary verbs''']]''':''' When an auxiliary verb follows a main verb (usually connected by a particle or ending), it is '''separated''' and '''capitalized''' (e.g., 하고 있다 → '''''Hago itda''''').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particles]]''': Always '''separate''' particles from the preceding noun/pronoun.
* '''Hyphens''': Used for '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|personal names]]''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Prefixes|specific prefixes]]''', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|'''suffixes''']] and '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Arabic numerals with counters|Arabic numerals with counters]]'''.

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration ===
Unlike Japanese, where loanwords are often heavily modified, Korean loanwords often map directly to English. To improve searchability and readability:

'''Standard English terms''': If a Hangul word corresponds to a common English word, use the English spelling.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 버스 → '''Bus''' (not Beoseu)
* 던전 → '''Dungeon''' (not Deonjeon)
* 아카데미 → '''Academy''' (not Akademi)
* S급 → '''S-Class''' or '''S-Geup''' (prefer English S-Class if broadly understood contextually, otherwise Romanize the counter).
}}

'''Unclear/faux-English''': If the term is a "Konglish" abbreviation or unique concept without a direct English equivalent, Romanize the Korean sound.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 스킨십 → '''Skinship''' (Accepted Konglish)
* 알바 → '''Alba''' (German/Korean slang for part-time)
}}

Loanword hybrid components: If a compound consists of a loanword + native [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]]/noun, separate without a hyphen and capitalize accordingly.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Skill-eul → '''Skill eul''' (Skill + particle)
* Bus-tago → '''Bus Tago''' (Bus + riding)
}}

=== Verbs and adjectives ===
Korean verbs consist of a '''stem''' + '''endings'''. In titles, these are '''fused'''.

* '''Dictionary''' '''form''': 가다 (''Ga-da'') → '''Gada''' (to go)
* '''Honorific/formal''': 갑니다 (''Ga-pni-da'') → '''Gamnida''' (formal version of "to go")
* '''Past''' '''tense''': 갔다 (''Gat-da'') → '''Gatda''' (went)
* '''Future/guessing''': 알겠습니다 (''Al-get-seum-ni-da'') → '''Algesseumnida''' (I understand / I will know)
* '''Modifier''' '''form''': 예쁜 (''Yeppeun'') → '''Yeppeun''' (Pretty), 먹는 (''Meokneun'') → '''Meongneun''' (Eating - *note the sound change k → ng).

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
When a sentence structure involves <code>main Verb + space + auxiliary verb</code>, Romanize them as two separate capitalized words.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 먹고 싶다 → '''Meokgo Sipda''' (want to eat)
* 해야 한다 → '''Haeya Handa''' (must do)
* 되어 버렸다 → '''Doseo Beoryeotda''' (ended up becoming)
}}

=== Personal names ===
Follow the pattern: '''surname''' + '''given name'''. The given name is '''hyphenated''' with the second syllable in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su'''
* 박지민 → '''Park Ji-min'''
* 이재욱 → '''Lee Jae-wook''' (common conventional spellings for surnames like Lee/Park/Choi are acceptable if the author is well-known, otherwise follow RR: I, Bak, Choe).
}}

=== Prefixes ===
Specific prefixes regarding numbering or size are '''hyphenated'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 제1화 → '''Je-1-hwa''' (chapter 1)
* 고(故) → '''Go'''- (the late...)
* 대(大) → '''Dae'''- (great/big - only when acting as a distinct prefix, otherwise fused in compounds like Daehak (University)).
}}

=== Suffixes ===
Suffixes are attached to a base word with a '''hyphen''' and in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 사람들 → '''Saram-deul''' (people)
* 헌터들 → '''Hunter-deul''' (hunters - applying the loanword rule)
* 한국식 → '''Hanguk-sik''' (Korean-style)
* 직업별 → '''Jigeop-byeol''' (by profession)
* 서울행 → '''Seoul-haeng''' (heading to Seoul)
Honorifics:
* 민수씨 → '''Minsu-ssi'''
* 선생님 → '''Seonsaeng-nim''' (teacher)
* 아저씨 → '''Ajeossi''' (mister/uncle - often lexicalized without hyphen if standalone, hyphenated if used as address).
}}{{Note
| type = error
| header = Bart note
| text = Clarify the Ajeossi line
}}

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===
Arabic numerals are hyphenated with their counters.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 10년 → '''10-nyeon''' (10 Years)
* 3명 → '''3-myeong''' (3 People)
* 100번째 → '''100-beonjjae''' (100th)
* 24시간 → '''24-sigan''' (24 Hours)
}}

=== Particles ===
Particles must be '''separated''' from the word they modify and written in '''lowercase'''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function
|-
|이 / 가
|'''i / ga'''
|Subject markers
|-
|은 / 는
|'''eun / neun'''
|Topic markers
|-
|을 / 를
|'''eul / reul'''
|Object markers
|-
|의
|'''ui'''
|Possessive particle (typically pronounced as ''e'', but written as '''ui''')
|-
|에
|'''e'''
|Location / time (at, in, to)
|-
|에서
|'''eseo'''
|From (location), at (action)
|-
|로 / 으로
|'''ro / euro'''
|Direction / instrument (towards, by means of)
|-
|와 / 과
|'''wa / gwa'''
|And / with
|-
|하고
|'''hago'''
|And / with (colloquial)
|-
|도
|'''do'''
|Also / even
|-
|만
|'''man'''
|Only
|-
|부터
|'''buteo'''
|From (time/place)
|-
|까지
|'''kkaji'''
|Until / to
|-
|에게 / 한테
|'''ege / hante'''
|To (a person)
|-
|요
|'''yo'''
|Polite particle to end sentence (see context rules below)
|}

==== Polite particle 요 (-yo) ====
The polite particle 요 (''-yo'') requires contextual treatment depending on its grammatical function:
* '''Attached to a verb/adjective (verb ending)''': Fuse it to the preceding word (e.g., 가자요 → '''Gajayo''').
* '''Attached to a noun/pronoun (particle)''': Separate it with a space (e.g., 저요 → '''Jeo yo''').

=== Copulas ===
The copula '''Ida''' (to be) and '''Anida''' (not to be) are unique. In standard RR, they are fused to the preceding noun. However, for readability in titles the following rules apply.

'''Ida (이다)''': fuse to the noun/particle '''if it is the verb ending'''.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 학생입니다 → '''Haksaengimnida''' (it is a student / I am a student)
* 남자이다 → '''Namjaida''' (to be a man / is a man)
}}

'''Anida (아니다)''': usually behaves as a separate adjective requiring a subject [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]].{{Note
| type = example
| header = Example
| text = 학생이 아니다 → '''Haksaeng i Anida''' (Is not a student)
}}

=== Special characters ===
* '''Symbols (♥, ★, etc.)''': keep as-is, with spaces around them unless stylistically fused on the cover.
* '''Tildes (~)''': keep as <code>～</code>.
* '''Ellipsis''': keep as is.
* '''Brackets''': convert <code>『』</code>, <code>「」</code>, <code>【】</code> to standard double quotes <code>"</code> or square brackets <code>[ ]</code> depending on context.
<blockquote>
* Quoted dialogue should be between double quotes <code>"</code>.
* ''Non-quoted text should be between square brackets'' <code>[ ]</code>.
</blockquote>

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles

2026-05-18T01:50:48Z

Boursk: Styling

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Mandarin Chinese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Hanyu Pinyin with adjustments ===
We follow standard [[wikipedia:Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''Tonal diacritics''': We strictly use tone marks (diacritics) for all syllables to ensure accurate identification (e.g., ''Mā'' vs ''Má'' vs ''Mǎ'' vs ''Mà).''
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Loanword restoration rule|'''Loanword restoration''']]: Translate clear phonetic English/foreign loanwords into their standard spelling (e.g., 巴士 → '''Bus''', 粉丝 → '''Fans''') instead of strict transliteration (so not ''Bāshì'' ''and Fěnsī)''.
* '''之''' '''as a separator:''' The character 之 (Zhī) is treated as a delimiter (colon) when separating a main title from a subtitle.
* '''Agglutination''': We fuse compound words (polysyllabic words) according to standard orthography (e.g., 大学 → '''''Dàxué,''''' not ''Dà Xué''), but keep grammatical [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Particles|particles]] separate.

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Chinese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# Capitalize all '''nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns''' and '''auxiliary verbs''' (when separated).
# Keep lowercase all '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Particles|particles]], prepositions, [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Copulas|copulas]]''' and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Suffixes|'''suffixes''']] (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Chinese characters (Hanzi) represent syllables, but Pinyin represents words (Ci). We standardize boundaries as follows:

* '''Compounds''': Fuse standard dictionary compounds. If a word is a single concept composed of multiple characters, it is one word (e.g., 朋友 → '''''Péngyǒu''','' not ''Péng Yǒu'').
* '''Names''': Surname first (capitalized) + given name (capitalized and fused). Unlike Korean, Chinese given names are '''fused''' without a hyphen (e.g., 毛泽东 → '''''Máo Zédōng''''').
* '''Erhua (R-coloring)''': The suffix '''儿 (-r)''' is fused to the preceding syllable (e.g., 花儿 → '''''Huār,''''' not ''Huā Er'').
* '''Separation''': Separate words that do not form a tight compound. Subject-verb-object structures are always separated.
* '''Apostrophes''': Use an apostrophe strictly to disambiguate syllable boundaries when a syllable starting with ''a'', ''o'', or ''e'' follows another syllable (e.g., 西安 → '''''Xī'ān''''' vs 仙 → '''''Xiān''''').
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Tone in Romanization
| text = We Romanize using the original dictionary tone, not the sandhi (changed) tone.

* 你好 → '''Nǐ hǎo''', not Ní hǎo (even though it is pronounced with a rising tone on the first syllable).
* Yī (一) and Bù (不) retain their dictionary tones (yī, bù), regardless of the tone of the following word, to ensure search consistency.
}}

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration rule ===

=== Personal names ===

=== Prefixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===

=== Particles ===

==== Particles 的 / 地 / 得 (de) ====

=== Copulas ===

=== Special characters ===

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles

2026-05-18T01:48:47Z

Boursk: Work in progress draft

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Mandarin Chinese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Hanyu Pinyin with adjustments ===
We follow standard [[wikipedia:Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* Tonal diacritics: We strictly use tone marks (diacritics) for all syllables to ensure accurate identification (e.g., ''Mā'' vs ''Má'' vs ''Mǎ'' vs ''Mà).''
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Loanword restoration rule|Loanword restoration]]: Translate clear phonetic English/foreign loanwords into their standard spelling (e.g., 巴士 → '''Bus''', 粉丝 → '''Fans''') instead of strict transliteration (so not ''Bāshì'' ''and Fěnsī)''.
* '''之''' '''as a separator:''' The character 之 (Zhī) is treated as a delimiter (colon) when separating a main title from a subtitle.
* '''Agglutination''': We fuse compound words (polysyllabic words) according to standard orthography (e.g., 大学 → '''''Dàxué,''''' not ''Dà Xué''), but keep grammatical [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Particles|particles]] separate.

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Chinese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# Capitalize all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', ''adverbs, pronouns'' and ''auxiliary webs'' (when separated).
# Keep lowercase all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Particles|particles]],'' ''prepositions, [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Copulas|copulas]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Chinese characters (Hanzi) represent syllables, but Pinyin represents words (Ci). We standardize boundaries as follows:

* '''Compounds''': Fuse standard dictionary compounds. If a word is a single concept composed of multiple characters, it is one word (e.g., 朋友 → '''''Péngyǒu''','' not ''Péng Yǒu'').
* '''Names''': Surname first (capitalized) + given name (capitalized and fused). Unlike Korean, Chinese given names are '''fused''' without a hyphen (e.g., 毛泽东 → '''''Máo Zédōng''''').
* '''Erhua (R-coloring)''': The suffix '''儿 (-r)''' is fused to the preceding syllable (e.g., 花儿 → '''''Huār,''''' not ''Huā Er'').
* '''Separation''': Separate words that do not form a tight compound. Subject-verb-object structures are always separated.
* '''Apostrophes''': Use an apostrophe strictly to disambiguate syllable boundaries when a syllable starting with ''a'', ''o'', or ''e'' follows another syllable (e.g., 西安 → '''''Xī'ān''''' vs 仙 → '''''Xiān''''').
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Tone in Romanization
| text = We Romanize using the original dictionary tone, not the sandhi (changed) tone.

* 你好 → '''Nǐ hǎo''', not Ní hǎo (even though it is pronounced with a rising tone on the first syllable).
* Yī (一) and Bù (不) retain their dictionary tones (yī, bù), regardless of the tone of the following word, to ensure search consistency.
}}

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration rule ===

=== Personal names ===

=== Prefixes ===

=== Suffixes ===

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===

=== Particles ===

==== Particles 的 / 地 / 得 (de) ====

=== Copulas ===

=== Special characters ===

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles

2026-05-18T01:10:20Z

Boursk: Styling

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Korean titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Revised Romanization of Korean with adjustments ===
We follow the '''[[wikipedia:Revised_Romanization_of_Korean|Revised Romanization of Korean]] (RR)''' with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Loanword restoration|Loanword restoration]]''': Translate clear '''English/foreign loanwords''' into their standard spelling (e.g., 택시 → '''Taxi''', 헌터 → '''Hunter''') instead of strict transliteration (''Taeksi'', ''Heonteo'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particle]] separation''': All grammatical particles are '''separated by a space''' and written in '''lowercase''', regardless of standard Hangul agglutination (e.g., 나를 → '''Na reul''')
* '''Pronunciation-based transcription''': Romanization reflects '''pronunciation''' (sound changes/assimilation) rather than strict Hangul orthography, strictly adhering to standard RR rules (e.g., 독립 → '''Dongnip''', not ''Dokrip'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|Personal names]]''': Family names are capitalized, and given names are hyphenated (e.g., 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Korean literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|''verbs'', ''adjectives'']], ''adverbs'' and ''auxiliary webs'' (when separated).
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particles]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Korean is an agglutinate language, but for title legibility, we standardize distinct word boundaries.

* '''Nouns and''' '''compounds''': Keep compound nouns separate unless they are established single dictionary words.
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|Verbs and adjectives]]''': The verb stem and its grammatical endings (suffixes) are always '''fused''' (e.g., 가다 → '''''Gada''''', 갔습니다 → '''''Gasseumnida''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Auxiliary verbs|'''Auxiliary verbs''']]''':''' When an auxiliary verb follows a main verb (usually connected by a particle or ending), it is '''separated''' and '''capitalized''' (e.g., 하고 있다 → '''''Hago itda''''').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particles]]''': Always '''separate''' particles from the preceding noun/pronoun.
* '''Hyphens''': Used for '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|personal names]]''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Prefixes|specific prefixes]]''', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|'''suffixes''']] and '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Arabic numerals with counters|Arabic numerals with counters]]'''.

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration ===
Unlike Japanese, where loanwords are often heavily modified, Korean loanwords often map directly to English. To improve searchability and readability:

'''Standard English terms''': If a Hangul word corresponds to a common English word, use the English spelling.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 버스 → '''Bus''' (not Beoseu)
* 던전 → '''Dungeon''' (not Deonjeon)
* 아카데미 → '''Academy''' (not Akademi)
* S급 → '''S-Class''' or '''S-Geup''' (prefer English S-Class if broadly understood contextually, otherwise Romanize the counter).
}}

'''Unclear/faux-English''': If the term is a "Konglish" abbreviation or unique concept without a direct English equivalent, Romanize the Korean sound.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 스킨십 → '''Skinship''' (Accepted Konglish)
* 알바 → '''Alba''' (German/Korean slang for part-time)
}}

Loanword hybrid components: If a compound consists of a loanword + native [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]]/noun, separate without a hyphen and capitalize accordingly.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Skill-eul → '''Skill eul''' (Skill + particle)
* Bus-tago → '''Bus Tago''' (Bus + riding)
}}

=== Verbs and adjectives ===
Korean verbs consist of a '''stem''' + '''endings'''. In titles, these are '''fused'''.

* '''Dictionary''' '''form''': 가다 (''Ga-da'') → '''Gada''' (to go)
* '''Honorific/formal''': 갑니다 (''Ga-pni-da'') → '''Gamnida''' (formal version of "to go")
* '''Past''' '''tense''': 갔다 (''Gat-da'') → '''Gatda''' (went)
* '''Future/guessing''': 알겠습니다 (''Al-get-seum-ni-da'') → '''Algesseumnida''' (I understand / I will know)
* '''Modifier''' '''form''': 예쁜 (''Yeppeun'') → '''Yeppeun''' (Pretty), 먹는 (''Meokneun'') → '''Meongneun''' (Eating - *note the sound change k → ng).

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
When a sentence structure involves <code>main Verb + space + auxiliary verb</code>, Romanize them as two separate capitalized words.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 먹고 싶다 → '''Meokgo Sipda''' (want to eat)
* 해야 한다 → '''Haeya Handa''' (must do)
* 되어 버렸다 → '''Doseo Beoryeotda''' (ended up becoming)
}}

=== Personal names ===
Follow the pattern: '''surname''' + '''given name'''. The given name is '''hyphenated''' with the second syllable in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su'''
* 박지민 → '''Park Ji-min'''
* 이재욱 → '''Lee Jae-wook''' (common conventional spellings for surnames like Lee/Park/Choi are acceptable if the author is well-known, otherwise follow RR: I, Bak, Choe).
}}

=== Prefixes ===
Specific prefixes regarding numbering or size are '''hyphenated'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 제1화 → '''Je-1-hwa''' (chapter 1)
* 고(故) → '''Go'''- (the late...)
* 대(大) → '''Dae'''- (great/big - only when acting as a distinct prefix, otherwise fused in compounds like Daehak (University)).
}}

=== Suffixes ===
Suffixes are attached to a base word with a '''hyphen''' and in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 사람들 → '''Saram-deul''' (people)
* 헌터들 → '''Hunter-deul''' (hunters - applying the loanword rule)
* 한국식 → '''Hanguk-sik''' (Korean-style)
* 직업별 → '''Jigeop-byeol''' (by profession)
* 서울행 → '''Seoul-haeng''' (heading to Seoul)
Honorifics:
* 민수씨 → '''Minsu-ssi'''
* 선생님 → '''Seonsaeng-nim''' (teacher)
* 아저씨 → '''Ajeossi''' (mister/uncle - often lexicalized without hyphen if standalone, hyphenated if used as address).
}}{{Note
| type = error
| header = Bart note
| text = Clarify the Ajeossi line
}}

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===
Arabic numerals are hyphenated with their counters.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 10년 → '''10-nyeon''' (10 Years)
* 3명 → '''3-myeong''' (3 People)
* 100번째 → '''100-beonjjae''' (100th)
* 24시간 → '''24-sigan''' (24 Hours)
}}

=== Particles ===
Particles must be '''separated''' from the word they modify and written in '''lowercase'''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function
|-
|이 / 가
|'''i / ga'''
|Subject markers
|-
|은 / 는
|'''eun / neun'''
|Topic markers
|-
|을 / 를
|'''eul / reul'''
|Object markers
|-
|의
|'''ui'''
|Possessive particle (typically pronounced as ''e'', but written as '''ui''')
|-
|에
|'''e'''
|Location / time (at, in, to)
|-
|에서
|'''eseo'''
|From (location), at (action)
|-
|로 / 으로
|'''ro / euro'''
|Direction / instrument (towards, by means of)
|-
|와 / 과
|'''wa / gwa'''
|And / with
|-
|하고
|'''hago'''
|And / with (colloquial)
|-
|도
|'''do'''
|Also / even
|-
|만
|'''man'''
|Only
|-
|부터
|'''buteo'''
|From (time/place)
|-
|까지
|'''kkaji'''
|Until / to
|-
|에게 / 한테
|'''ege / hante'''
|To (a person)
|-
|요
|'''yo'''
|Polite particle to end sentence (see context rules below)
|}

==== Polite particle 요 (-yo) ====
The polite particle 요 (''-yo'') requires contextual treatment depending on its grammatical function:
* '''Attached to a verb/adjective (verb ending)''': Fuse it to the preceding word (e.g., 가자요 → '''Gajayo''').
* '''Attached to a noun/pronoun (particle)''': Separate it with a space (e.g., 저요 → '''Jeo yo''').

=== Copulas ===
The copula '''Ida''' (to be) and '''Anida''' (not to be) are unique. In standard RR, they are fused to the preceding noun. However, for readability in titles the following rules apply.

'''Ida (이다)''': fuse to the noun/particle '''if it is the verb ending'''.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 학생입니다 → '''Haksaengimnida''' (it is a student / I am a student)
* 남자이다 → '''Namjaida''' (to be a man / is a man)
}}

'''Anida (아니다)''': usually behaves as a separate adjective requiring a subject [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]].{{Note
| type = example
| header = Example
| text = 학생이 아니다 → '''Haksaeng i Anida''' (Is not a student)
}}

=== Special characters ===
* '''Symbols (♥, ★, etc.)''': keep as-is, with spaces around them unless stylistically fused on the cover.
* '''Tildes (~)''': keep as <code>～</code>.
* '''Ellipsis''': keep as is.
* '''Brackets''': convert <code>『』</code>, <code>「」</code>, <code>【】</code> to standard double quotes <code>"</code> or square brackets <code>[ ]</code> depending on context.
<blockquote>
* Quoted dialogue should be between double quotes <code>"</code>.
* ''Non-quoted text should be between square brackets'' <code>[ ]</code>.
</blockquote>

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles

2026-05-15T02:57:39Z

Boursk: Expanded suffixes section and removed honorifics section + some small changes.

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Korean titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Revised Romanization of Korean with adjustments ===
We follow the '''[[wikipedia:Revised_Romanization_of_Korean|Revised Romanization of Korean]] (RR)''' with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Loanword restoration|Loanword Restoration]]''': Translate clear '''English/foreign loanwords''' into their standard spelling (e.g., 택시 → '''Taxi''', 헌터 → '''Hunter''') instead of strict transliteration (''Taeksi'', ''Heonteo'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particle]] Separation''': All grammatical particles are '''separated by a space''' and written in '''lowercase''', regardless of standard Hangul agglutination (e.g., 나를 → '''Na reul''')
* '''Pronunciation-based Transcription''': Romanization reflects '''pronunciation''' (sound changes/assimilation) rather than strict Hangul orthography, strictly adhering to standard RR rules (e.g., 독립 → '''Dongnip''', not ''Dokrip'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|Personal names]]''': Family names are capitalized, and given names are hyphenated (e.g., 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Korean literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|''verbs'', ''adjectives'']], ''adverbs'' and ''auxiliary webs'' (when separated).
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particles]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Korean is an agglutinate language, but for title legibility, we standardize distinct word boundaries.

* '''Nouns and''' '''compounds''': Keep compound nouns separate unless they are established single dictionary words.
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|Verbs and adjectives]]''': The verb stem and its grammatical endings (suffixes) are always '''fused''' (e.g., 가다 → '''''Gada''''', 갔습니다 → '''''Gasseumnida''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Auxiliary verbs|'''Auxiliary verbs''']]''':''' When an auxiliary verb follows a main verb (usually connected by a particle or ending), it is '''separated''' and '''capitalized''' (e.g., 하고 있다 → '''''Hago itda''''').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particles]]''': Always '''separate''' particles from the preceding noun/pronoun.
* '''Hyphens''': Used for '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|personal names]]''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Prefixes|specific prefixes]]''', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|'''suffixes''']] and '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Arabic numerals with counters|Arabic numerals with counters]]'''.

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration ===
Unlike Japanese, where loanwords are often heavily modified, Korean loanwords often map directly to English. To improve searchability and readability:

'''Standard English Terms''': If a Hangul word corresponds to a common English word, use the English spelling.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 버스 → '''Bus''' (not Beoseu)
* 던전 → '''Dungeon''' (not Deonjeon)
* 아카데미 → '''Academy''' (not Akademi)
* S급 → '''S-Class''' or '''S-Geup''' (prefer English S-Class if broadly understood contextually, otherwise Romanize the counter).
}}

'''Unclear/Faux-English''': If the term is a "Konglish" abbreviation or unique concept without a direct English equivalent, Romanize the Korean sound.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 스킨십 → '''Skinship''' (Accepted Konglish)
* 알바 → '''Alba''' (German/Korean slang for part-time)
}}

Loanword Hybrid Components: If a compound consists of a Loanword + Native Particle/Noun, separate without a hyphen and capitalize accordingly.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Skill-eul → '''Skill eul''' (Skill + particle)
* Bus-tago → '''Bus Tago''' (Bus + riding)
}}

=== Verbs and adjectives ===
Korean verbs consist of a '''Stem''' + '''Endings'''. In titles, these are '''fused'''.

* '''Dictionary''' '''form''': 가다 (''Ga-da'') → '''Gada''' (to go)
* '''Honorific/formal''': 갑니다 (''Ga-pni-da'') → '''Gamnida''' (formal version of "to go")
* '''Past''' '''tense''': 갔다 (''Gat-da'') → '''Gatda''' (went)
* '''Future/guessing''': 알겠습니다 (''Al-get-seum-ni-da'') → '''Algesseumnida''' (I understand / I will know)
* '''Modifier''' '''form''': 예쁜 (''Yeppeun'') → '''Yeppeun''' (Pretty), 먹는 (''Meokneun'') → '''Meongneun''' (Eating - *note the sound change k → ng).

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
When a sentence structure involves <code>Main Verb + Space + Auxiliary Verb</code>, Romanize them as two separate capitalized words.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 먹고 싶다 → '''Meokgo Sipda''' (want to eat)
* 해야 한다 → '''Haeya Handa''' (must do)
* 되어 버렸다 → '''Doseo Beoryeotda''' (ended up becoming)
}}

=== Personal names ===
Follow the pattern: '''surname''' + '''given name'''. The given name is '''hyphenated''' with the second syllable in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su'''
* 박지민 → '''Park Ji-min'''
* 이재욱 → '''Lee Jae-wook''' (Common conventional spellings for surnames like Lee/Park/Choi are acceptable if the author is well-known, otherwise follow RR: I, Bak, Choe).
}}

=== Prefixes ===
Specific prefixes regarding numbering or size are '''hyphenated'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 제1화 → '''Je-1-hwa''' (Chapter 1)
* 고(故) → '''Go'''- (The late...)
* 대(大) → '''Dae'''- (Great/Big - only when acting as a distinct prefix, otherwise fused in compounds like Daehak (University)).
}}

=== Suffixes ===
Suffixes are attached to a base word with a '''hyphen''' and in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 사람들 → '''Saram-deul''' (People)
* 헌터들 → '''Hunter-deul''' (Hunters - applying the loanword rule)
* 한국식 → '''Hanguk-sik''' (Korean-style)
* 직업별 → '''Jigeop-byeol''' (By profession)
* 서울행 → '''Seoul-haeng''' (Heading to Seoul)
Honorifics:
* 민수씨 → '''Minsu-ssi'''
* 선생님 → '''Seonsaeng-nim''' (teacher)
* 아저씨 → '''Ajeossi''' (mister/uncle - often lexicalized without hyphen if standalone, hyphenated if used as address).
}}{{Note
| type = error
| header = Bart note
| text = Clarify the Ajeossi line
}}

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===
Arabic numerals are hyphenated with their counters.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 10년 → '''10-nyeon''' (10 Years)
* 3명 → '''3-myeong''' (3 People)
* 100번째 → '''100-beonjjae''' (100th)
* 24시간 → '''24-sigan''' (24 Hours)
}}

=== Particles ===
Particles must be '''separated''' from the word they modify and written in '''lowercase'''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function
|-
|이 / 가
|'''i / ga'''
|Subject markers
|-
|은 / 는
|'''eun / neun'''
|Topic markers
|-
|을 / 를
|'''eul / reul'''
|Object markers
|-
|의
|'''ui'''
|Possessive particle (typically pronounced as ''e'', but written as '''ui''')
|-
|에
|'''e'''
|Location / time (at, in, to)
|-
|에서
|'''eseo'''
|From (location), at (action)
|-
|로 / 으로
|'''ro / euro'''
|Direction / instrument (towards, by means of)
|-
|와 / 과
|'''wa / gwa'''
|And / with
|-
|하고
|'''hago'''
|And / with (colloquial)
|-
|도
|'''do'''
|Also / even
|-
|만
|'''man'''
|Only
|-
|부터
|'''buteo'''
|From (time/place)
|-
|까지
|'''kkaji'''
|Until / to
|-
|에게 / 한테
|'''ege / hante'''
|To (a person)
|-
|요
|'''yo'''
|Polite particle to end sentence (see context rules below)
|}

==== Polite particle 요 (-yo) ====
The polite particle 요 (''-yo'') requires contextual treatment depending on its grammatical function:
* '''Attached to a verb/adjective (verb ending)''': Fuse it to the preceding word (e.g., 가자요 → '''Gajayo''').
* '''Attached to a noun/pronoun (particle)''': Separate it with a space (e.g., 저요 → '''Jeo yo''').

=== Copulas ===
The copula '''Ida''' (to be) and '''Anida''' (not to be) are unique. In standard RR, they are fused to the preceding noun. However, for readability in titles the following rules apply.

'''Ida (이다)''': fuse to the noun/particle '''if it is the verb ending'''.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 학생입니다 → '''Haksaengimnida''' (it is a student / I am a student)
* 남자이다 → '''Namjaida''' (to be a man / is a man)
}}

'''Anida (아니다)''': usually behaves as a separate adjective requiring a subject [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]].{{Note
| type = example
| header = Example
| text = 학생이 아니다 → '''Haksaeng i Anida''' (Is not a student)
}}

=== Special characters ===
* '''Symbols (♥, ★, etc.)''': keep as-is, with spaces around them unless stylistically fused on the cover.
* '''Tildes (~)''': keep as <code>～</code>.
* '''Ellipsis''': keep as is.
* '''Brackets''': convert <code>『』</code>, <code>「」</code>, <code>【】</code> to standard double quotes <code>"</code> or square brackets <code>[ ]</code> depending on context.
<blockquote>
* Quoted dialogue should be between double quotes <code>"</code>.
* ''Non-quoted text should be between square brackets'' <code>[ ]</code>.
</blockquote>

Template:Note/styles.css

2026-05-15T00:16:00Z

Boursk: Added dark mode support for 'example' type

.note-container {
border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0.5em 0;
}
.note-container.note-info, .note-container.note-example {
border-color: #a3caff;
}
.note-container.note-reminder, .note-container.note-warn {
border-color: #fc3;
}
.note-container.note-error {
border-color: #c33;
}
.note {
background-position: left 7px top 50%;
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 40px;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
color: #333;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
.note-body {
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
.note > :first-child, .note-body > :first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.note > :last-child, .note-body > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
.note-inline {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.note.note-info {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_information-progressive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/c/cd/Icon_information-progressive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
padding-left: 40px;
min-height: 25px;
}
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background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/0/07/Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}
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background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/51/Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}
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background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_alert-warning.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/3/34/Icon_alert-warning.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}

.note.note-error {
background-color: #fee7e6;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_notice-destructive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/53/Icon_notice-destructive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}

@media screen {
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .note.note-example {
/* [[File:Icon_stripeToC-rtl-invert.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/0/07/Icon_stripeToC-rtl-invert.svg');
}
}

@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
/* automatic mode */
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .note.note-example {
/* [[File:Icon_stripeToC-rtl-invert.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/0/07/Icon_stripeToC-rtl-invert.svg');
}
}

File:Icon stripeToC-rtl-invert.svg

2026-05-14T23:52:38Z

Boursk:

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles

2026-05-10T22:32:41Z

Boursk: Fixed links

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Korean titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Revised Romanization of Korean with adjustments ===
We follow the '''[[wikipedia:Revised_Romanization_of_Korean|Revised Romanization of Korean]] (RR)''' with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Loanword restoration|Loanword Restoration]]''': Translate clear '''English/foreign loanwords''' into their standard spelling (e.g., 택시 → '''Taxi''', 헌터 → '''Hunter''') instead of strict transliteration (''Taeksi'', ''Heonteo'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particle]] Separation''': All grammatical particles are '''separated by a space''' and written in '''lowercase''', regardless of standard Hangul agglutination (e.g., 나를 → '''Na reul''')
* '''Pronunciation-based Transcription''': Romanization reflects '''pronunciation''' (sound changes/assimilation) rather than strict Hangul orthography, strictly adhering to standard RR rules (e.g., 독립 → '''Dongnip''', not ''Dokrip'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|Personal names]]''': Family names are capitalized, and given names are hyphenated (e.g., 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Korean literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|''verbs'', ''adjectives'']], ''adverbs'' and ''auxiliary webs'' (when separated).
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particles]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Korean is an agglutinate language, but for title legibility, we standardize distinct word boundaries.

* '''Nouns and''' '''compounds''': Keep compound nouns separate unless they are established single dictionary words.
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|Verbs and adjectives]]''': The verb stem and its grammatical endings (suffixes) are always '''fused''' (e.g., 가다 → '''''Gada''''', 갔습니다 → '''''Gasseumnida''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Auxiliary verbs|'''Auxiliary verbs''']]''':''' When an auxiliary verb follows a main verb (usually connected by a particle or ending), it is '''separated''' and '''capitalized''' (e.g., 하고 있다 → '''''Hago itda''''').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particles]]''': Always '''separate''' particles from the preceding noun/pronoun.
* '''Hyphens''': Used for '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|personal names]]''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Honorifics|honorifics]]''', '''titles''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Prefixes|specific prefixes]]''', and '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Arabic numerals with counters|Arabic numerals with counters]]'''.

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration ===
Unlike Japanese, where loanwords are often heavily modified, Korean loanwords often map directly to English. To improve searchability and readability:

'''Standard English Terms''': If a Hangul word corresponds to a common English word, use the English spelling.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 버스 → '''Bus''' (not Beoseu)
* 던전 → '''Dungeon''' (not Deonjeon)
* 아카데미 → '''Academy''' (not Akademi)
* S급 → '''S-Class''' or '''S-Geup''' (prefer English S-Class if broadly understood contextually, otherwise Romanize the counter).
}}

'''Unclear/Faux-English''': If the term is a "Konglish" abbreviation or unique concept without a direct English equivalent, Romanize the Korean sound.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 스킨십 → '''Skinship''' (Accepted Konglish)
* 알바 → '''Alba''' (German/Korean slang for part-time)
}}

Loanword Hybrid Components: If a compound consists of a Loanword + Native Particle/Noun, separate without a hyphen and capitalize accordingly.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Skill-eul → '''Skill eul''' (Skill + particle)
* Bus-tago → '''Bus Tago''' (Bus + riding)
}}

=== Verbs and adjectives ===
Korean verbs consist of a '''Stem''' + '''Endings'''. In titles, these are '''fused'''.

* '''Dictionary''' '''form''': 가다 (''Ga-da'') → '''Gada''' (to go)
* '''Honorific/formal''': 갑니다 (''Ga-pni-da'') → '''Gamnida''' (formal version of "to go")
* '''Past''' '''tense''': 갔다 (''Gat-da'') → '''Gatda''' (went)
* '''Future/guessing''': 알겠습니다 (''Al-get-seum-ni-da'') → '''Algesseumnida''' (I understand / I will know)
* '''Modifier''' '''form''': 예쁜 (''Yeppeun'') → '''Yeppeun''' (Pretty), 먹는 (''Meokneun'') → '''Meongneun''' (Eating - *note the sound change k → ng).

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
When a sentence structure involves <code>Main Verb + Space + Auxiliary Verb</code>, Romanize them as two separate capitalized words.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 먹고 싶다 → '''Meokgo Sipda''' (want to eat)
* 해야 한다 → '''Haeya Handa''' (must do)
* 되어 버렸다 → '''Doseo Beoryeotda''' (ended up becoming)
}}

=== Personal names ===
Follow the pattern: '''surname''' + '''given name'''. The given name is '''hyphenated''' with the second syllable in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su'''
* 박지민 → '''Park Ji-min'''
* 이재욱 → '''Lee Jae-wook''' (Common conventional spellings for surnames like Lee/Park/Choi are acceptable if the author is well-known, otherwise follow RR: I, Bak, Choe).
}}

=== Honorifics ===
Honorifics and titles attached to names are '''hyphenated''' and '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 민수씨 → '''Minsu-ssi'''
* 선생님 → '''Seonsaeng-nim''' (teacher)
* 형님 → '''Hyung-nim''' / '''Hyeong-nim''' (older brother)
* 누나 → '''Nuna''' (older sister)
* 아저씨 → '''Ajeossi''' (mister/uncle - often lexicalized without hyphen if standalone, hyphenated if used as address).
}}

{{Note
| type = error
| text = Add information about 요 -yo; hyphenate or bound suffix? Gaja-yo vs Gajayo.
}}

=== Prefixes ===
Specific prefixes regarding numbering or size are '''hyphenated'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 제1화 → '''Je-1-hwa''' (Chapter 1)
* 고(故) → '''Go'''- (The late...)
* 대(大) → '''Dae'''- (Great/Big - only when acting as a distinct prefix, otherwise fused in compounds like Daehak (University)).
}}

=== Suffixes ===
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Add information (only example left that doesn't fit in the other categories is pluralization 들 -deul (ex. Saram-deul)) or remove.
}}

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===
Arabic numerals are hyphenated with their counters.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 10년 → '''10-nyeon''' (10 Years)
* 3명 → '''3-myeong''' (3 People)
* 100번째 → '''100-beonjjae''' (100th)
* 24시간 → '''24-sigan''' (24 Hours)
}}

=== Particles ===
Particles must be '''separated''' from the word they modify and written in '''lowercase'''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function
|-
|이 / 가
|'''i / ga'''
|Subject markers
|-
|은 / 는
|'''eun / neun'''
|Topic markers
|-
|을 / 를
|'''eul / reul'''
|Object markers
|-
|의
|'''ui'''
|Possessive particle (typically pronounced as ''e'', but written as '''ui''')
|-
|에
|'''e'''
|Location / time (at, in, to)
|-
|에서
|'''eseo'''
|From (location), at (action)
|-
|로 / 으로
|'''ro / euro'''
|Direction / instrument (towards, by means of)
|-
|와 / 과
|'''wa / gwa'''
|And / with
|-
|하고
|'''hago'''
|And / with (colloquial)
|-
|도
|'''do'''
|Also / even
|-
|만
|'''man'''
|Only
|-
|부터
|'''buteo'''
|From (time/place)
|-
|까지
|'''kkaji'''
|Until / to
|-
|에게 / 한테
|'''ege / hante'''
|To (a person)
|-
|요
|'''yo'''
|Polite particle to end sentence
{{Note}} might also be an [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Honorifics|honorific]] depending on context.
|}

=== Copulas ===
The copula '''Ida''' (to be) and '''Anida''' (not to be) are unique. In standard RR, they are fused to the preceding noun. However, for readability in titles the following rules apply.

'''Ida (이다)''': fuse to the noun/particle '''if it is the verb ending'''.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 학생입니다 → '''Haksaengimnida''' (it is a student / I am a student)
* 남자이다 → '''Namjaida''' (to be a man / is a man)
}}

'''Anida (아니다)''': usually behaves as a separate adjective requiring a subject [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|particle]].{{Note
| type = example
| header = Example
| text = 학생이 아니다 → '''Haksaeng i Anida''' (Is not a student)
}}

=== Special characters ===
* '''Symbols (♥, ★, etc.)''': keep as-is, with spaces around them unless stylistically fused on the cover.
* '''Tildes (~)''': keep as <code>～</code>.
* '''Ellipsis''': keep as is.
* '''Brackets''': convert <code>『』</code>, <code>「」</code>, <code>【】</code> to standard double quotes <code>"</code> or single quotes <code>'</code> or square brackets <code>[ ]</code> depending on if something is being quoted or not (e.g. technical stats).
<blockquote>
* Quoted text should be between double quotes <code>"</code>.
* Non-quoted text should be between square brackets <code>[ ]</code>.
</blockquote>{{Note
| type = error
| text = So when would you use single quotes?
}}

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles

2026-05-10T04:57:21Z

Boursk: Work in progress draft; requires input to finish draft

{{Note
| type = error
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Korean titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Revised Romanization of Korean with adjustments ===
We follow the '''[[wikipedia:Revised_Romanization_of_Korean|Revised Romanization of Korean]] (RR)''' with the following specific enhancements and deviations to align with our styling standards:

* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Loanword restoration|Loanword Restoration]]''': Translate clear '''English/foreign loanwords''' into their standard spelling (e.g., 택시 → '''Taxi''', 헌터 → '''Hunter''') instead of strict transliteration (''Taeksi'', ''Heonteo'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particle|Particle]] Separation''': All grammatical particles are '''separated by a space''' and written in '''lowercase''', regardless of standard Hangul agglutination (e.g., 나를 → '''Na reul''')
* '''Pronunciation-based Transcription''': Romanization reflects '''pronunciation''' (sound changes/assimilation) rather than strict Hangul orthography, strictly adhering to standard RR rules (e.g., 독립 → '''Dongnip''', not ''Dokrip'').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|Personal names]]''': Family names are capitalized, and given names are hyphenated (e.g., 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing titles of Korean literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|''verbs'', ''adjectives'']], ''adverbs'' and ''auxiliary webs'' (when separated).
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Suffixes|suffixes]]'' (when hyphenated).

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Korean is an agglutinate language, but for title legibility, we standardize distinct word boundaries.

* '''Nouns and''' '''compounds''': Keep compound nouns separate unless they are established single dictionary words.
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|Verbs and]]''' '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Verbs and adjectives|adjectives]]''': The verb stem and its grammatical endings (suffixes) are always '''fused''' (e.g., 가다 → '''''Gada''''', 갔습니다 → '''''Gasseumnida''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Auxiliary verbs|'''Auxiliary''' '''verbs''']]''':''' When an auxiliary verb follows a main verb (usually connected by a particle or ending), it is '''separated''' and '''capitalized''' (e.g., 하고 있다 → '''''Hago itda''''').
* '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particles|Particles]]''': Always '''separate''' particles from the preceding noun/pronoun.
* '''Hyphens''': Used for '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Personal names|personal names]]''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Honorifics|honorifics]]''', '''titles''', '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Prefixes|specific prefixes]]''', and '''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Arabic numerals with counters|Arabic numerals with counters]]'''.

== Expanded explanation ==

=== Loanword restoration ===
Unlike Japanese, where loanwords are often heavily modified, Korean loanwords often map directly to English. To improve searchability and readability:

'''Standard English Terms''': If a Hangul word corresponds to a common English word, use the English spelling.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 버스 → '''Bus''' (not Beoseu)
* 던전 → '''Dungeon''' (not Deonjeon)
* 아카데미 → '''Academy''' (not Akademi)
* S급 → '''S-Class''' or '''S-Geup''' (prefer English S-Class if broadly understood contextually, otherwise Romanize the counter).
}}

'''Unclear/Faux-English''': If the term is a "Konglish" abbreviation or unique concept without a direct English equivalent, Romanize the Korean sound.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 스킨십 → '''Skinship''' (Accepted Konglish)
* 알바 → '''Alba''' (German/Korean slang for part-time)
}}

Loanword Hybrid Components: If a compound consists of a Loanword + Native Particle/Noun, separate without a hyphen and capitalize accordingly.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Skill-eul → '''Skill eul''' (Skill + particle)
* Bus-tago → '''Bus Tago''' (Bus + riding)
}}

=== Verbs and adjectives ===
Korean verbs consist of a '''Stem''' + '''Endings'''. In titles, these are '''fused'''.

* '''Dictionary''' '''form''': 가다 (''Ga-da'') → '''Gada''' (to go)
* '''Honorific/formal''': 갑니다 (''Ga-pni-da'') → '''Gamnida''' (formal version of "to go")
* '''Past''' '''tense''': 갔다 (''Gat-da'') → '''Gatda''' (went)
* '''Future/guessing''': 알겠습니다 (''Al-get-seum-ni-da'') → '''Algesseumnida''' (I understand / I will know)
* '''Modifier''' '''form''': 예쁜 (''Yeppeun'') → '''Yeppeun''' (Pretty), 먹는 (''Meokneun'') → '''Meongneun''' (Eating - *note the sound change k → ng).

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
When a sentence structure involves <code>Main Verb + Space + Auxiliary Verb</code>, Romanize them as two separate capitalized words.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 먹고 싶다 → '''Meokgo Sipda''' (want to eat)
* 해야 한다 → '''Haeya Handa''' (must do)
* 되어 버렸다 → '''Doseo Beoryeotda''' (ended up becoming)
}}

=== Personal names ===
Follow the pattern: '''surname''' + '''given name'''. The given name is '''hyphenated''' with the second syllable in '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 김민수 → '''Kim Min-su'''
* 박지민 → '''Park Ji-min'''
* 이재욱 → '''Lee Jae-wook''' (Common conventional spellings for surnames like Lee/Park/Choi are acceptable if the author is well-known, otherwise follow RR: I, Bak, Choe).
}}

=== Honorifics ===
Honorifics and titles attached to names are '''hyphenated''' and '''lowercase'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 민수씨 → '''Minsu-ssi'''
* 선생님 → '''Seonsaeng-nim''' (teacher)
* 형님 → '''Hyung-nim''' / '''Hyeong-nim''' (older brother)
* 누나 → '''Nuna''' (older sister)
* 아저씨 → '''Ajeossi''' (mister/uncle - often lexicalized without hyphen if standalone, hyphenated if used as address).
}}

{{Note
| type = error
| text = Add information about 요 -yo; hyphenate or bound suffix? Gaja-yo vs Gajayo.
}}

=== Prefixes ===
Specific prefixes regarding numbering or size are '''hyphenated'''.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 제1화 → '''Je-1-hwa''' (Chapter 1)
* 고(故) → '''Go'''- (The late...)
* 대(大) → '''Dae'''- (Great/Big - only when acting as a distinct prefix, otherwise fused in compounds like Daehak (University)).
}}

=== Suffixes ===
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Add information (only example left that doesn't fit in the other categories is pluralization 들 -deul (ex. Saram-deul)) or remove.
}}

=== Arabic numerals with counters ===
Arabic numerals are hyphenated with their counters.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 10년 → '''10-nyeon''' (10 Years)
* 3명 → '''3-myeong''' (3 People)
* 100번째 → '''100-beonjjae''' (100th)
* 24시간 → '''24-sigan''' (24 Hours)
}}

=== Particles ===
Particles must be '''separated''' from the word they modify and written in '''lowercase'''.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function
|-
|이 / 가
|'''i / ga'''
|Subject markers
|-
|은 / 는
|'''eun / neun'''
|Topic markers
|-
|을 / 를
|'''eul / reul'''
|Object markers
|-
|의
|'''ui'''
|Possessive particle (typically pronounced as ''e'', but written as '''ui''')
|-
|에
|'''e'''
|Location / time (at, in, to)
|-
|에서
|'''eseo'''
|From (location), at (action)
|-
|로 / 으로
|'''ro / euro'''
|Direction / instrument (towards, by means of)
|-
|와 / 과
|'''wa / gwa'''
|And / with
|-
|하고
|'''hago'''
|And / with (colloquial)
|-
|도
|'''do'''
|Also / even
|-
|만
|'''man'''
|Only
|-
|부터
|'''buteo'''
|From (time/place)
|-
|까지
|'''kkaji'''
|Until / to
|-
|에게 / 한테
|'''ege / hante'''
|To (a person)
|-
|요
|'''yo'''
|Polite particle to end sentence
{{Note}} might also be an [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Honorific|honorific]] depending on context.
|}

=== Copulas ===
The copula '''Ida''' (to be) and '''Anida''' (not to be) are unique. In standard RR, they are fused to the preceding noun. However, for readability in titles the following rules apply.

'''Ida (이다)''': fuse to the noun/particle '''if it is the verb ending'''.{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 학생입니다 → '''Haksaengimnida''' (it is a student / I am a student)
* 남자이다 → '''Namjaida''' (to be a man / is a man)
}}

'''Anida (아니다)''': usually behaves as a separate adjective requiring a subject [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles#Particle|particle]].{{Note
| type = example
| header = Example
| text = 학생이 아니다 → '''Haksaeng i Anida''' (Is not a student)
}}

=== Special characters ===
* '''Symbols (♥, ★, etc.)''': keep as-is, with spaces around them unless stylistically fused on the cover.
* '''Tildes (~)''': keep as <code>～</code>.
* '''Ellipsis''': keep as is.
* '''Brackets''': convert <code>『』</code>, <code>「」</code>, <code>【】</code> to standard double quotes <code>"</code> or single quotes <code>'</code> or square brackets <code>[ ]</code> depending on if something is being quoted or not (e.g. technical stats).
<blockquote>
* Quoted text should be between double quotes <code>"</code>.
* Non-quoted text should be between square brackets <code>[ ]</code>.
</blockquote>{{Note
| type = error
| text = So when would you use single quotes?
}}

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-03T14:04:44Z

Boursk: Added categories

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます → '''Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu'''
* 婚約 → '''Kon'yaku'''
* 転移 → '''Ten'i'''
* 女 → '''Onna''' (the first 'n' isn't ambiguous when followed by 'na')
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → '''''Skill''''', ダンジョン → '''''Dungeon''''', クリス → '''''Chris''''').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → '''''Gyaru''''', バイト → '''''Baito''''', ラブホ → '''''Rabuho''''').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → '''''Toukyou''''', 大阪 → '''''Oosaka''''').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → '''''nanoni''''', でも → ''demo'', ですが → '''''desuga''''').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → '''''ndesu''''', んだけど → '''''ndakedo''''').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → '''''Mitekudasai''''', 可愛すぎる → '''''Kawaisugiru''''', してない → '''''Shitenai''''').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → '''''Itsunomanika''''', なんとなく → '''''Nantonaku''''', ひょっとして → '''''Hyottoshite''''', もしかしたら → '''''Moshikashitara''''')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → '''''Onnanoko'''''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → '''Dagashiya'''''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → '''''Bungeibu''''').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → '''''Shinimodori''''').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → '''''Murimuri''''', ワクワク → '''''Wakuwaku''''', フワフワ → '''''Fuwafuwa''''').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → '''''Ohime''''', ご主人 → '''''Goshujin''''').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)}}

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''}}

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.
* 放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.
* 放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.
}}

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → '''Tenshoku Suru'''
* 辞退して → '''Jitai Shite'''
* 転生した → '''Tensei Shita'''
* 追放された → '''Tsuihou Sareta'''
* 愛します → '''Aishimasu'''
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → '''Aishite'''
* 恋した → '''Koishita'''
* 画された → '''Kakusareta'''
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → '''Kegirai Shiteita'''
* 溺愛されてました → '''Dekiai Saretemashita'''
* 全国配信してしまう → '''Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau'''
* 追放してきた → '''Tsuihou Shitekita'''
* 愛してる → '''Aishiteru'''
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → '''Hanashita''').
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → '''Ganbattekure'''
* 見てください → '''Mitekudasai'''
* 行ってしまった → '''Itteshimatta'''
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → '''Tanoshindeitara'''
* 食べてる → '''Tabeteru'''
* していた → '''Shiteita'''
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → '''Kawaisugiru'''
* 集まりすぎました → '''Atsumarusugimashita'''
* 読みやすい → '''Yomiyasui'''
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → '''Iseikaikatsu''' (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → '''Gachankii''' (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → '''Maoujou''' (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====
Honorifics, titles and household/clan names should be separated from the base name/word by a hyphen.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)}}

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
| text = * お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)}}

{{Note
| type = error
| header = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
| text = * れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''
}}

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)
}}

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''}}
{{Note
| type = error
| header = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
| text = * １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
}}

{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''
}}

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
}}

When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)
}}

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
}}

後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''
}}

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbols present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Prefixes ===

==== Descriptor prefixes ====
Many Japanese titles utilize prefixes to act as {{Tooltip|content='''intensifiers'''|tooltip text=These amplify the following subject.}} or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=These define the current state of the subject.|content='''status modifiers'''}}. These say something about the subject that follows. To keep the Romanization modular and clean, these are always to be Romanized '''separately and capitalized'''.

This approach prevents clutter when prefixes are stacked and ensures that auxiliary elements (like verbs) remain attached to the subject without creating an unreadable wall of text and prevents excessive hyphenation.
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Lexicalization
| text = If a word with one of these prefixes is a fixed dictionary entry where the meaning has shifted away from the literal parts (e.g., 新聞 → Shinbun meaning Newspaper and not “New News”), it is a single compound and must be fused. The clipped compounds 元カレ → Motokare and 元カノ → Motokano also fall under here, and are always Romanized fused.
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Intensifier prefixes examples: 超 (Chou), 激 (Geki), 鬼 (Oni), 神 (Kami), and 極 (Kyoku)
* 超ガキ → '''Chou Gaki''' (“Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 激愛された → '''Geki Aisarete''' (“Dearly Loved”).
Status prefixes examples: 元 (Moto), 新 (Shin), 生 (Nama)
* 元冒険者 → '''Moto Boukensha''' (“Former Adventurer”).
* 新世界 → '''Shin Sekai''' (“New World”).
* 新生活 → '''Shin Seikatsu''' (“New Life”).
Multiple prefixes:
* 元超ガキ → '''Moto Chou Gaki''' (“Former Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 元大冒険者 → '''Moto Dai Boukensha''' (“Former Great Adventurer”).
}}

==== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ====
The prefix '''Dai (第)''' transforms a cardinal number into an ''ordinal'' (e.g., from “seven” to “seventh”). To maintain consistency and scannability, we use two mirrored formats depending on the numeral type.
{{Note
| text = The following mirrors the two forms found in English: “Seventh Prince” (Native Numerals → Ordinal Words) vs. “7th Prince” (Arabic Numerals → Ordinal Digits).
}}

===== Native (k''anji'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Fuse Dai '''directly''' to the number word. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': This treats the rank as a single descriptor (e.g., Dainana = Seventh).
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第一章 → '''Daiichi Sho''' (First Chapter)
* 第二部 → '''Daini Bu''' (Second Part)
* 第三幕 → '''Daisan Maku''' (Third Act)
* 第七王子 → '''Danana Ouji''' (Seventh Prince)
* 第二の職業 → '''Daini no Shokugyou''' (Second Profession)
}}

===== Arabic (d''igits'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Attach Dai to the digit '''using a hyphen'''. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': The hyphen acts as a visual anchor between the Japanese text and the Western digit, preventing the number from “floating.”
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第１章 → '''Dai-1 Sho''' (1st Chapter)
* 第２部 → '''Dai-2 Bu''' (2nd Part)
* 第３幕 → '''Dai-3 Maku''' (3rd Act)
* 第７王子 → '''Dai-7 Ouji''' (7th Prince)
* 公安第９課 → '''Kouan Dai-9 Ka''' (Public Safety 9th Division)
}}

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====
The prefix '''大 (dai)''' requires extra attention. Many words using ''Dai'' are fully lexicalized (the “Great” is often invisible in the translation), while others are used specifically as titles or epithets for emphasis in fiction.

===== Common dictionary noun or shifted compound =====
If the '''大 (dai)''' acts as a permanent part of the word's definition, '''keep it fused'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Logic
|-
| align="left" |大好き
| align="left" |Daisuki
| align="left" |Love
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Like”
|-
| align="left" |大嫌い
| align="left" |Daikirai
| align="left" |Hate
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Dislike”
|-
| align="left" |大人気
| align="left" |Daininki
| align="left" |Very Popular
| align="left" |Standard adjectival noun
|-
| align="left" |大学
| align="left" |Daigaku
| align="left" |University
| align="left" |A specific entity (not “Great Study”)
|-
| align="left" |大冒険
| align="left" |Daibouken
| align="left" |Great Adventure
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|-
| align="left" |大事故
| align="left" |Daijiko
| align="left" |Major Accident
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大成功
| align="left" |Daiseikou
| align="left" |Great Success
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大作戦
| align="left" |Daisakusen
| align="left" |Great Plan
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大問題
| align="left" |Daimondai
| align="left" |Serious Problem
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大聖堂
| align="left" |Daiseidou
| align="left" |Cathedral
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|}

===== Descriptive title or fantasy epithet =====
In Light Novel and Manga titles, Dai is often used as a rank (like “Arch-” or “High-”). In these cases, '''separate it''' to highlight the character's status.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Context
|-
| align="left" |大冒険者
| align="left" |Dai Boukensha
| align="left" |Great Adventurer
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大賢者
| align="left" |Dai Kenja
| align="left" |Great Sage
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大戦士
| align="left" |Dai Senshi
| align="left" |great warrior
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔王
| align="left" |Dai Maou
| align="left" |Great Demon Lord
| align="left" |Fantasy Epithet
|-
| align="left" |大聖女
| align="left" |Dai Seijo
| align="left" |Great Saintess
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大聖者
| align="left" |Dai Seija
| align="left" |Great Saint(ess)
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔導士
| align="left" |Dai Madoushi
| align="left" |Archmage
| align="left" |Specialized Title
|}
{{Note
| text = While words like Daiseijo or Daimadoushi are morphologically compounds, we split them (Dai Seijo, Dai Madoushi) in titles to mirror the Western “great/high” modifier, making the rank immediately scannable.
}}

===== Edge cases =====
In extreme edge cases where both fused and split versions carry meaning (e.g., 大天使), and the author's specific intent is unknown, always default to the '''fused dictionary version'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |大天使
| align="left" |Daitenshi
| align="left" |(Default) Archangel
|-
| align="left" |Dai Tenshi
| align="left" |(Ephasis/Descriptor) Great Angel
|}

=== Suffixes ===
Any suffix after a personal- or placename or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Words with a foreign origin that are Romanized directly as the word of origin. (E.g. ゲーム → game)|content=non-embedded identifiable loanword}} are always hyphenated.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = Hyphens mark tight morphological fusion, while separation marks syntactic or semantic independence.
}}

==== Conceptional and identity suffixes ====
Suffixes that transform the base noun into a new concept, class, or trope create a single identity pillar. These type of suffixes are typically fused with their base noun.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 屋 (-ya, “shop suffix”)
** 本屋 → '''Hon'ya''' (Book Store)
** パン屋 → '''Panya''' (Bakery)
** ゲーム屋 → '''Game-ya''' (Game Store, hyphenated because the base noun is a loanword)
* 化 (-ka, “-ification suffix”)
** 猛獣化 → '''Moujuuka''' (Beastification)
** 悪役化 → '''Akuyakuka''' (Villainization)
* 婚 (-kon, “marriage suffix”)
** 契約婚 → '''Keiyakukon''' (Contract Marriage)
** 転生婚 → '''Tenseikon''' (Reincarnated Marriage)
** 速婚 → '''Sokukon''' (Quick Marriage)
}}

==== Attribute and bound suffixes ====
Suffixes that describe a specific attribute, lifestyle, or action performed upon/by the noun. These often undergo {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}}, which must be reflected in the Romanization.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = The rendaku rules don't provide a guideline that will be true in every case. Authors may decide to not use rendaku (even though it normally would) for stylistic reasons. Always follow the kana reading if available. If the suffix is written in kanji and there is no source that provides a kana reading for the title, then go with the most common use for the main title. The other reading may be used in an alternative title.
}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Kanji
!Reading
!Handling Logic
!Native Example
!Loanword/Letter Example
!Suffix meaning
|- class="nowrap"
|達
| -tachi
|Always hyphenated
|私たち → ''Watashi-tachi''
|エルフたち → ''Elf-tachi''
|Pluralization
|-
| class="nowrap" | 好き
| -zuki / -suki
|Always hyphenated
|オシャレ好き → ''Oshare-'''zu'''ki''
|ＴＳ好き → ''TS-'''su'''ki''
| -lover
|-
| class="nowrap" | 殺し
| -goroshi / -koroshi
|Always hyphenated
|神殺し → ''Kami-'''go'''roshi''
|モンスター殺し → ''Monster-'''ko'''roshi''
| -slayer
|-
| class="nowrap" | 暮らし
| -gurashi / -kurashi
|Always hyphenated
|辺境ぐらし → ''Henkyou-gurashi'' 猫くらし → ''Neko-kurashi''
|ダンジョン暮らし → ''Dungeon-gurashi''
| -life
|-
| class="nowrap" | 付き
| -tsuki
|Always hyphenated Does not undergo rendaku
|座敷童子付き → Zashikiwarashi-tsuki 庭つき → Niwa-tsuki 皇帝つき → ''Koutei-tsuki''
|キス付き → Kiss-tsuki
|-included, -attached, -assistant
|}

==== Suffix-like content designators ====
These suffix-like content designators (編, 譚, 章, 録, etc.) have their grammatical behavior shifts depending on what precedes them;

* When directly attached to a single noun or compound, they act as suffixes and are hyphenated to the preceding word (冬編 → '''Fuyu-hen''', 妖怪譚 → '''Youkai-tan''').
* When following a phrase or clause-like structure, they function as independent nouns and are separated and capitalized (俺が最強になった編 → '''Ore ga Saikyou ni Natta Hen''', 斬吸血鬼譚 → '''Zan Kyuuketsuki Tan''').

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===
兼 (ken) is a conjuntion meaning “and” or to act as a the “/” or “-cum-” in English so it is always Romanized in lowercase as '''ken''' with spaces around it (e.g., Ａ兼Ｂ → ''A ken B'').

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===
Onomatopoeic words (words representing a sound effect) are always Romanized literally. They must never be replaced with English equivalents or approximations (e.g., use "''Pan"'' for パン, not "Clap").

* Sequences: In a sequence of different sound effects, each individual sound is treated as a standalone, capitalized word and is not fused (e.g., ぺチパンパチン → '''Pechi Pan Pachin''').
* Reduplication: If a single sound is repeated to form a lexicalized rhythmic word, the sounds are fused as one word (e.g., ぺチぺチ → '''Pechipechi''').

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that” / quotative particle
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|だって
|[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|see: だって]]
|{{Note}} can be copula + particle or conjunctive particle depending on context
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → '''ja Nakunaru to shite mo'''
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → '''Seijo ja Nai kara'''</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → '''sou nandesu'''
* そうなんだ → '''sou nanda'''
}}

=== Conjunctions ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|なら
|nara
|conjunctive conditional “if so / that being the case”
|-
|だけど
|dakedo
|conjunction “but / however / although”
|-
|だから
|dakara
|conjunction “therefore / that’s why / because …”
|-
|だったら
|dattara
|conjunction “if it's the case”
|-
|だが
|daga
|conjunction “however / but”
|-
|ですが
|desuga
|conjunction “but / however / nevertheless”
|-
|ですから
|desukara
|conjunction “therefore / so”, polite discourse connector, clause-initial or sentence-final
|-
|それでは
|soredewa
|conjunctive discourse marker “well then / so / in that case”
|}

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Expression
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Details
! align="left" |Function / Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |ので
| align="left" |no de
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#ので|See ので]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “because / since”, causal relation
|-
| align="left" |node
| align="left" |conjunction “because / so”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |のに
| align="left" |no ni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#のに|See のに]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “despite the fact that / although”, clause-linking
|-
| align="left" |noni
| align="left" |conjunction “although / even though”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なので
| align="left" |na node
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なので]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''node'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanode
| align="left" |conjunction “because / since”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なのに
| align="left" |na noni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なのに]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''noni'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanoni
| align="left" |conjunction “even though / despite that”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |では
| align="left" |de wa
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#では|See では]]
| align="left" |copula/particle construction marking contrast or condition, often before negation
|-
| align="left" |dewa
| align="left" |discourse marker “well then / so / in that case” at clause-start only
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |だって
| align="left" |da tte
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|See だって]]
| align="left" |copula + quotative particle, transparent structure
|-
| align="left" |datte
| align="left" |lexicalized particle “even / after all / because”
|}

==== ので ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, ので is nearly always the conjunctive '''node'''!
}}
Romanize ので single conjunctive '''node''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “because / so / since”.
* Commonly follows verbs, adjectives, or copulas to connect cause and result.
* Very often written as ので、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: 困ったので帰ります → ''Komatta '''node''' Kaerimasu'' (“Because I got into trouble, I’ll go home”).</blockquote>Romanize ので as two particles '''no de''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の (no) is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and で (de) marks the location or instrument (with / by / at).
* The meaning is literal “of X + with / by / at” rather than “because / so / since”.
* If you can replace の (no) with な (na) or remove の (no) entirely and the phrase still makes sense, it is two particles.

<blockquote>Example: 本ので写真で説明する → ''Hon '''no de''' Shashin de Setsumei Suru'' (“Explain with pictures of the book”).</blockquote>

==== のに ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, のに is nearly always the conjunctive '''noni'''!
}}
Romanize のに as single conjunctive '''noni''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “despite / even though”.
* Commonly follows i-adjectives, verbs, or noun+particle structures.
* Very often written as のに、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: みんな疲れているのに頑張っている → ''Minna Tsukareteiru '''noni''' Ganbatte Iru'' (“Even though everyone’s tired, they’re pushing on”).</blockquote>Romanize のに as two particles '''no ni''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の ''no'' is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and に ''ni'' marks location or direction (at / in / on).
* The meaning is literal “of X” + “at / in / on” rather than “despite / even though”.

<blockquote>Example: 君のに夢を置いた → ''Kimi '''no ni''' Yume o Oita'' (“I placed a dream in yours”).</blockquote>

==== なので and なのに ====
The sequences なので and なのに are handled differently depending on what precedes them.

Romanize なので or なのに as single conjunctive '''nanode''' or '''nanoni''' when they follow a concrete noun or a na-adjective:

* Functioning as a bridge meaning “because / since” or “even though / despite that” respectively.
* '''Concrete Nouns''': Sensei nanode, Manga nanoni, Himitsu nanode.
* '''Na-Adjectives''': Suki nanoni, Kirei nanode, Shizuka nanode.

Romanize なので or なのに as a copula + conjunctive structure '''na node''' or '''na noni''' when they follow formal noun:

* This prevents these “weighty” formal nouns from being swallowed by the grammar.
* In this structure, the sequence is a complete bridge so these formal nouns are lowercased!
* See the list down below for the these formal nouns (abstract concepts) and are generally written in kana only.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Formal Noun
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Example Structure
! align="left" |Example Romanization
|-
| align="left" |よう (you)
| align="left" |Seeming / Appearance
| align="left" |ようなので
| align="left" |you na node
|-
| align="left" |わけ (wake)
| align="left" |Reason / Way
| align="left" |わけなのに
| align="left" |wake na noni
|-
| align="left" |ため (tame)
| align="left" |Sake / Purpose
| align="left" |ためなので
| align="left" |tame na node
|-
| align="left" |こと (koto)
| align="left" |Thing / Fact
| align="left" |ことなのに
| align="left" |koto na noni
|-
| align="left" |はず (hazu)
| align="left" |Expectation / Should
| align="left" |はずなので
| align="left" |hazu na node
|-
| align="left" |もの (mono)
| align="left" |Object / Reason
| align="left" |ものなのに
| align="left" |mono na noni
|-
| align="left" |つもり (tsumori)
| align="left" |Intention
| align="left" |つもりなので
| align="left" |tsumori na node
|-
| align="left" |とき (toki)
| align="left" |Time / When
| align="left" |ときなのに
| align="left" |toki na noni
|-
| align="left" |ところ (tokoro)
| align="left" |Place / Moment
| align="left" |ところなので
| align="left" |tokoro na node
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| header = Cheat sheet
| text = If the word before na is an abstract concept such as “time”, “reason”, “seeming”, “intention”, “expectation”, etc. the na is separated; na noni.
On the other hand if the word is a concrete “thing”, then it is the full conjunctive; nanoni.
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = When na is separated for these formal nouns, the remaining element is always the conjunctive node or noni. There is never a "na no de" or "na no ni" structure in this context.
}}

==== では ====
If では follows a noun or phrase and directly governs a predicate (especially before negation, contrast, or evaluation), they are always Romanized as two separate elements '''de wa'''.

Any standalone adjective or adjectival noun following では, are always separated and capitalized as independent words;
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * ではない → '''de wa Nai'''
* ではなく → '''de wa Naku'''
* ではいられない → '''de wa Irarenai'''
* では済まない → '''de wa Sumanai'''
}}
If では appears at the beginning of a sentence or functions as a discourse marker (meaning “well then / in that case”), treat it as a lexicalized conjunctive '''dewa'''.

==== だって ====
Romanize だって as '''datte''' (conjunctive particle) when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “even / after all / because”.
* It usually appears before nouns or at the beginning of a sentence.
* It can often be replaced with も (mo) without changing the meaning.

<blockquote>Example: 女の子だって遊びたい → '''Onnanoko datte Asobitai''' (“Even girls want to play.”)

Alternate version: ''Onnanoko mo Asobitai''</blockquote>Romanize だって as '''da tte''' ([[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] + [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particle]]) when:

* It is literally ''da'' (copula “is/was”) followed by ''tte'' (quotative/colloquial topic particle).
* It usually follows a noun or adjective to state “X is” + quoted/topic element.
* You can replace だ ''da'' with です ''desu'' or だった ''datta'' and the meaning stays the same.

<blockquote>Example: 「犯人は君だ」って言った → '''"Hannin wa Kimi da" tte Itta''' (“I said ‘The culprit is you’”)

Alternate version: "Hannin wa Kimi desu" tte itta</blockquote>

=== じゃ + adjective sequences ===
When the [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] ''ja'' is followed by a standalone adjective or adjectival noun, they are kept as separate and capitalized as independent words. This preserves the semantic weight of the negative or prohibitive word.

# Ja is a contraction of the cluster “de wa”, so it is treated as a '''copula''' and as per the core style copula are always written separately and in lowercase.
# The negative adjective or adjectival noun (e.g. ''nai'', ''dame'') is '''not fused''' to ''ja'' and capitalized as independent words.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that じゃん is always Romanized separate and in lowercase as jan, as it is a colloquial contraction of ja Nai (and not from ja + no).
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 好みじゃない → '''Konomi ja Nai'''
* 聖女じゃなかった → '''Seijo ja Nakatta'''
* 学生じゃなくなる → '''Gakusei ja Naku Naru'''
* 浮気じゃダメ → '''Uwaki ja Dame'''
* これじゃ無理 → '''Kore ja Muri'''
* 可愛いじゃん → '''Kawaii jan'''
}}
[[Category:MangaDex Style]]
[[Category:Title Romanization Guidelines]]

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-03T13:39:57Z

Boursk: Added more consistency in styling throughout page

Main Page

2026-05-02T23:25:01Z

Boursk: Added 'Titles' as an extra descriptor for the Romanization links

== Welcome to the MangaDex Wiki! ==
{| role="presentation" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; width: 100%;"
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Adding Data===
* [[Content:Title|Titles]]
* [[Content:Chapter|Chapters]]
* [[Content:Group|Groups]]
* [[Content:Report|Reports]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Guidelines===
* [[MangaDex Style:Title|General Title Style Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles|Japanese Titles Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean Titles|Korean Titles Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese Titles|Chinese Titles Romanization Guide]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Help===
* [[FAQ:MangaDex Website|MangaDex Website Troubleshooting]]
* [[FAQ:Ban|Banned FAQ]]
* [[FAQ:Approval|Approval FAQ]]
* [[Content:Title#Adding Self-published Works to MangaDex|Self-published Titles]]
|}
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese

2026-05-02T23:22:29Z

Boursk: Boursk moved page MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese to MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles: Added additional clarification that this is a guideline for titles

#REDIRECT [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles]]

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-02T23:22:29Z

Boursk: Boursk moved page MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese to MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles: Added additional clarification that this is a guideline for titles

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます is Romanized as Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu.
* 婚約 is Romanized as Kon'yaku, and similary 転移 is Romanized as Ten'i.
* 女 is Romanized as Onna there is no need to apostrophe the double n.
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → ''Skill'', ダンジョン → ''Dungeon'', クリス → ''Chris'').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → ''Gyaru'', バイト → ''Baito'', ラブホ → ''Rabuho'').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → ''Toukyou'', 大阪 → ''Oosaka'').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → ''nanoni'', でも → ''demo'', ですが → ''desuga'').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'', んだけど → ''ndakedo'').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → ''Mitekudasai'', 可愛すぎる → ''Kawaisugiru'', してない → ''Shitenai'').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → ''Itsunomanika'', なんとなく → ''Nantonaku'', ひょっとして → ''Hyottoshite'', もしかしたら → ''Moshikashitara'')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → ''Onnanoko''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → Dagashiya''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → ''Bungeibu'').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → ''Shinimodori'').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → ''Murimuri'', ワクワク → ''Wakuwaku'', フワフワ → ''Fuwafuwa'').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → ''Ohime'', ご主人 → ''Goshujin'').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

* 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

* 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.<blockquote>放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.

放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.

放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.</blockquote>

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → Tenshoku Suru
* 辞退して → Jitai Shite
* 転生した → Tensei Shita
* 追放された → Tsuihou Sareta
* 愛します → Aishimasu
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → Aishite
* 恋した → Koishita
* 画された → Kakusareta
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → Kegirai Shiteita
* 溺愛されてました → Dekiai Saretemashita
* 全国配信してしまう → Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau
* 追放してきた → Tsuihou Shitekita
* 愛してる → Aishiteru
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → Hanashita).
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → Ganbattekure
* 見てください → Mitekudasai
* 行ってしまった → Itteshimatta
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → Tanoshindeitara
* 食べてる → Tabeteru
* していた → Shiteita
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → Kawaisugiru
* 集まりすぎました → Atsumarusugimashita
* 読みやすい → Yomiyasui
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → Iseikaikatsu (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → Gachankii (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → Maoujou (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====

* 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
}}

* お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
}}

* れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

* Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

* ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
}}

* １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

* １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''

{{Note}} ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
{{Note
| text = When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.
}}

* 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

* 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
{{Note
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.
}}

* 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbols present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Prefixes ===

==== Descriptor prefixes ====
Many Japanese titles utilize prefixes to act as {{Tooltip|content='''intensifiers'''|tooltip text=These amplify the following subject.}} or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=These define the current state of the subject.|content='''status modifiers'''}}. These say something about the subject that follows. To keep the Romanization modular and clean, these are always to be Romanized '''separately and capitalized'''.

This approach prevents clutter when prefixes are stacked and ensures that auxiliary elements (like verbs) remain attached to the subject without creating an unreadable wall of text and prevents excessive hyphenation.
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Lexicalization
| text = If a word with one of these prefixes is a fixed dictionary entry where the meaning has shifted away from the literal parts (e.g., 新聞 → Shinbun meaning Newspaper and not “New News”), it is a single compound and must be fused. The clipped compounds 元カレ → Motokare and 元カノ → Motokano also fall under here, and are always Romanized fused.
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Intensifier prefixes examples: 超 (Chou), 激 (Geki), 鬼 (Oni), 神 (Kami), and 極 (Kyoku)
* 超ガキ → '''Chou Gaki''' (“Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 激愛された → '''Geki Aisarete''' (“Dearly Loved”).
Status prefixes examples: 元 (Moto), 新 (Shin), 生 (Nama)
* 元冒険者 → '''Moto Boukensha''' (“Former Adventurer”).
* 新世界 → '''Shin Sekai''' (“New World”).
* 新生活 → '''Shin Seikatsu''' (“New Life”).
Multiple prefixes:
* 元超ガキ → '''Moto Chou Gaki''' (“Former Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 元大冒険者 → '''Moto Dai Boukensha''' (“Former Great Adventurer”).
}}

==== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ====
The prefix '''Dai (第)''' transforms a cardinal number into an ''ordinal'' (e.g., from “seven” to “seventh”). To maintain consistency and scannability, we use two mirrored formats depending on the numeral type.
{{Note
| text = The following mirrors the two forms found in English: “Seventh Prince” (Native Numerals → Ordinal Words) vs. “7th Prince” (Arabic Numerals → Ordinal Digits).
}}

===== Native (k''anji'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Fuse Dai '''directly''' to the number word. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': This treats the rank as a single descriptor (e.g., Dainana = Seventh).
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第一章 → '''Daiichi Sho''' (First Chapter)
* 第二部 → '''Daini Bu''' (Second Part)
* 第三幕 → '''Daisan Maku''' (Third Act)
* 第七王子 → '''Danana Ouji''' (Seventh Prince)
* 第二の職業 → '''Daini no Shokugyou''' (Second Profession)
}}

===== Arabic (d''igits'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Attach Dai to the digit '''using a hyphen'''. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': The hyphen acts as a visual anchor between the Japanese text and the Western digit, preventing the number from “floating.”
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第１章 → '''Dai-1 Sho''' (1st Chapter)
* 第２部 → '''Dai-2 Bu''' (2nd Part)
* 第３幕 → '''Dai-3 Maku''' (3rd Act)
* 第７王子 → '''Dai-7 Ouji''' (7th Prince)
* 公安第９課 → '''Kouan Dai-9 Ka''' (Public Safety 9th Division)
}}

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====
The prefix '''大 (dai)''' requires extra attention. Many words using ''Dai'' are fully lexicalized (the “Great” is often invisible in the translation), while others are used specifically as titles or epithets for emphasis in fiction.

===== Common dictionary noun or shifted compound =====
If the '''大 (dai)''' acts as a permanent part of the word's definition, '''keep it fused'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Logic
|-
| align="left" |大好き
| align="left" |Daisuki
| align="left" |Love
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Like”
|-
| align="left" |大嫌い
| align="left" |Daikirai
| align="left" |Hate
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Dislike”
|-
| align="left" |大人気
| align="left" |Daininki
| align="left" |Very Popular
| align="left" |Standard adjectival noun
|-
| align="left" |大学
| align="left" |Daigaku
| align="left" |University
| align="left" |A specific entity (not “Great Study”)
|-
| align="left" |大冒険
| align="left" |Daibouken
| align="left" |Great Adventure
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|-
| align="left" |大事故
| align="left" |Daijiko
| align="left" |Major Accident
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大成功
| align="left" |Daiseikou
| align="left" |Great Success
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大作戦
| align="left" |Daisakusen
| align="left" |Great Plan
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大問題
| align="left" |Daimondai
| align="left" |Serious Problem
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大聖堂
| align="left" |Daiseidou
| align="left" |Cathedral
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|}

===== Descriptive title or fantasy epithet =====
In Light Novel and Manga titles, Dai is often used as a rank (like “Arch-” or “High-”). In these cases, '''separate it''' to highlight the character's status.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Context
|-
| align="left" |大冒険者
| align="left" |Dai Boukensha
| align="left" |Great Adventurer
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大賢者
| align="left" |Dai Kenja
| align="left" |Great Sage
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大戦士
| align="left" |Dai Senshi
| align="left" |great warrior
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔王
| align="left" |Dai Maou
| align="left" |Great Demon Lord
| align="left" |Fantasy Epithet
|-
| align="left" |大聖女
| align="left" |Dai Seijo
| align="left" |Great Saintess
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大聖者
| align="left" |Dai Seija
| align="left" |Great Saint(ess)
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔導士
| align="left" |Dai Madoushi
| align="left" |Archmage
| align="left" |Specialized Title
|}
{{Note
| text = While words like Daiseijo or Daimadoushi are morphologically compounds, we split them (Dai Seijo, Dai Madoushi) in titles to mirror the Western “great/high” modifier, making the rank immediately scannable.
}}

===== Edge cases =====
In extreme edge cases where both fused and split versions carry meaning (e.g., 大天使), and the author's specific intent is unknown, always default to the '''fused dictionary version'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |大天使
| align="left" |Daitenshi
| align="left" |(Default) Archangel
|-
| align="left" |Dai Tenshi
| align="left" |(Ephasis/Descriptor) Great Angel
|}

=== Suffixes ===
Any suffix after a personal- or placename or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Words with a foreign origin that are Romanized directly as the word of origin. (E.g. ゲーム → game)|content=non-embedded identifiable loanword}} are always hyphenated.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = Hyphens mark tight morphological fusion, while separation marks syntactic or semantic independence.
}}

==== Conceptional and identity suffixes ====
Suffixes that transform the base noun into a new concept, class, or trope create a single identity pillar. These type of suffixes are typically fused with their base noun.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 屋 (-ya, “shop suffix”)
** 本屋 → '''Hon'ya''' (Book Store)
** パン屋 → '''Panya''' (Bakery)
** ゲーム屋 → '''Game-ya''' (Game Store, hyphenated because the base noun is a loanword)
* 化 (-ka, “-ification suffix”)
** 猛獣化 → '''Moujuuka''' (Beastification)
** 悪役化 → '''Akuyakuka''' (Villainization)
* 婚 (-kon, “marriage suffix”)
** 契約婚 → '''Keiyakukon''' (Contract Marriage)
** 転生婚 → '''Tenseikon''' (Reincarnated Marriage)
** 速婚 → '''Sokukon''' (Quick Marriage)
}}

==== Attribute and bound suffixes ====
Suffixes that describe a specific attribute, lifestyle, or action performed upon/by the noun. These often undergo {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}}, which must be reflected in the Romanization.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = The rendaku rules don't provide a guideline that will be true in every case. Authors may decide to not use rendaku (even though it normally would) for stylistic reasons. Always follow the kana reading if available. If the suffix is written in kanji and there is no source that provides a kana reading for the title, then go with the most common use for the main title. The other reading may be used in an alternative title.
}}
{| class="wikitable nowrap"
!Kanji
!Reading
!Handling Logic
!Native Example
!Loanword/Letter Example
!Suffix meaning
|-
|達
| -tachi
|Always hyphenated
|私たち → ''Watashi-tachi''
|エルフたち → ''Elf-tachi''
|Pluralization
|-
|好き
| -zuki / -suki
|Always hyphenated
|オシャレ好き → ''Oshare-'''zu'''ki''
|ＴＳ好き → ''TS-'''su'''ki''
| -lover
|-
|殺し
| -goroshi / -koroshi
|Always hyphenated
|神殺し → ''Kami-'''go'''roshi''
|モンスター殺し → ''Monster-'''ko'''roshi''
| -slayer
|-
|暮らし
| -gurashi / -kurashi
|Always hyphenated
|辺境ぐらし → ''Henkyou-gurashi'' 猫くらし → ''Neko-kurashi''
|ダンジョン暮らし → ''Dungeon-gurashi''
| -life
|-
|付き
| -tsuki
|Always hyphenated Does not undergo rendaku
|座敷童子付き → Zashikiwarashi-tsuki 庭つき → Niwa-tsuki 皇帝つき → ''Koutei-tsuki''
|キス付き → Kiss-tsuki
|-included, -attached, -assistant
|}

==== Suffix-like content designators ====
These suffix-like content designators (編, 譚, 章, 録, etc.) have their grammatical behavior shifts depending on what precedes them;

* When directly attached to a single noun or compound, they act as suffixes and are hyphenated to the preceding word (冬編 → '''Fuyu-hen''', 妖怪譚 → '''Youkai-tan''').
* When following a phrase or clause-like structure, they function as independent nouns and are separated and capitalized (俺が最強になった編 → '''Ore ga Saikyou ni Natta Hen''', 斬吸血鬼譚 → '''Zan Kyuuketsuki Tan''').

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===
兼 (ken) is a conjuntion meaning “and” or to act as a the “/” or “-cum-” in English so it is always Romanized in lowercase as '''ken''' with spaces around it (e.g., Ａ兼Ｂ → ''A ken B'').

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===
Onomatopoeic words (words representing a sound effect) are always Romanized literally. They must never be replaced with English equivalents or approximations (e.g., use "''Pan"'' for パン, not "Clap").

* Sequences: In a sequence of different sound effects, each individual sound is treated as a standalone, capitalized word and is not fused (e.g., ぺチパンパチン → '''Pechi Pan Pachin''').
* Reduplication: If a single sound is repeated to form a lexicalized rhythmic word, the sounds are fused as one word (e.g., ぺチぺチ → '''Pechipechi''').

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that” / quotative particle
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|だって
|[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|see: だって]]
|{{Note}} can be copula + particle or conjunctive particle depending on context
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → ja Nakunaru to shite mo
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → Seijo ja Nai kara</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → sou nandesu
* そうなんだ → sou nanda
}}

=== Conjunctions ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|なら
|nara
|conjunctive conditional “if so / that being the case”
|-
|だけど
|dakedo
|conjunction “but / however / although”
|-
|だから
|dakara
|conjunction “therefore / that’s why / because …”
|-
|だったら
|dattara
|conjunction “if it's the case”
|-
|だが
|daga
|conjunction “however / but”
|-
|ですが
|desuga
|conjunction “but / however / nevertheless”
|-
|ですから
|desukara
|conjunction “therefore / so”, polite discourse connector, clause-initial or sentence-final
|-
|それでは
|soredewa
|conjunctive discourse marker “well then / so / in that case”
|}

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Expression
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Details
! align="left" |Function / Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |ので
| align="left" |no de
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#ので|See ので]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “because / since”, causal relation
|-
| align="left" |node
| align="left" |conjunction “because / so”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |のに
| align="left" |no ni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#のに|See のに]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “despite the fact that / although”, clause-linking
|-
| align="left" |noni
| align="left" |conjunction “although / even though”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なので
| align="left" |na node
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なので]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''node'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanode
| align="left" |conjunction “because / since”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なのに
| align="left" |na noni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なのに]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''noni'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanoni
| align="left" |conjunction “even though / despite that”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |では
| align="left" |de wa
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#では|See では]]
| align="left" |copula/particle construction marking contrast or condition, often before negation
|-
| align="left" |dewa
| align="left" |discourse marker “well then / so / in that case” at clause-start only
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |だって
| align="left" |da tte
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|See だって]]
| align="left" |copula + quotative particle, transparent structure
|-
| align="left" |datte
| align="left" |lexicalized particle “even / after all / because”
|}

==== ので ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, ので is nearly always the conjunctive '''node'''!
}}
Romanize ので single conjunctive '''node''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “because / so / since”.
* Commonly follows verbs, adjectives, or copulas to connect cause and result.
* Very often written as ので、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: 困ったので帰ります → ''Komatta '''node''' Kaerimasu'' (“Because I got into trouble, I’ll go home”).</blockquote>Romanize ので as two particles '''no de''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の (no) is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and で (de) marks the location or instrument (with / by / at).
* The meaning is literal “of X + with / by / at” rather than “because / so / since”.
* If you can replace の (no) with な (na) or remove の (no) entirely and the phrase still makes sense, it is two particles.

<blockquote>Example: 本ので写真で説明する → ''Hon '''no de''' Shashin de Setsumei Suru'' (“Explain with pictures of the book”).</blockquote>

==== のに ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, のに is nearly always the conjunctive '''noni'''!
}}
Romanize のに as single conjunctive '''noni''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “despite / even though”.
* Commonly follows i-adjectives, verbs, or noun+particle structures.
* Very often written as のに、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: みんな疲れているのに頑張っている → ''Minna Tsukareteiru '''noni''' Ganbatte Iru'' (“Even though everyone’s tired, they’re pushing on”).</blockquote>Romanize のに as two particles '''no ni''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の ''no'' is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and に ''ni'' marks location or direction (at / in / on).
* The meaning is literal “of X” + “at / in / on” rather than “despite / even though”.

<blockquote>Example: 君のに夢を置いた → ''Kimi '''no ni''' Yume o Oita'' (“I placed a dream in yours”).</blockquote>

==== なので and なのに ====
The sequences なので and なのに are handled differently depending on what precedes them.

Romanize なので or なのに as single conjunctive '''nanode''' or '''nanoni''' when they follow a concrete noun or a na-adjective:

* Functioning as a bridge meaning “because / since” or “even though / despite that” respectively.
* '''Concrete Nouns''': Sensei nanode, Manga nanoni, Himitsu nanode.
* '''Na-Adjectives''': Suki nanoni, Kirei nanode, Shizuka nanode.

Romanize なので or なのに as a copula + conjunctive structure '''na node''' or '''na noni''' when they follow formal noun:

* This prevents these “weighty” formal nouns from being swallowed by the grammar.
* In this structure, the sequence is a complete bridge so these formal nouns are lowercased!
* See the list down below for the these formal nouns (abstract concepts) and are generally written in kana only.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Formal Noun
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Example Structure
! align="left" |Example Romanization
|-
| align="left" |よう (you)
| align="left" |Seeming / Appearance
| align="left" |ようなので
| align="left" |you na node
|-
| align="left" |わけ (wake)
| align="left" |Reason / Way
| align="left" |わけなのに
| align="left" |wake na noni
|-
| align="left" |ため (tame)
| align="left" |Sake / Purpose
| align="left" |ためなので
| align="left" |tame na node
|-
| align="left" |こと (koto)
| align="left" |Thing / Fact
| align="left" |ことなのに
| align="left" |koto na noni
|-
| align="left" |はず (hazu)
| align="left" |Expectation / Should
| align="left" |はずなので
| align="left" |hazu na node
|-
| align="left" |もの (mono)
| align="left" |Object / Reason
| align="left" |ものなのに
| align="left" |mono na noni
|-
| align="left" |つもり (tsumori)
| align="left" |Intention
| align="left" |つもりなので
| align="left" |tsumori na node
|-
| align="left" |とき (toki)
| align="left" |Time / When
| align="left" |ときなのに
| align="left" |toki na noni
|-
| align="left" |ところ (tokoro)
| align="left" |Place / Moment
| align="left" |ところなので
| align="left" |tokoro na node
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| header = Cheat sheet
| text = If the word before na is an abstract concept such as “time”, “reason”, “seeming”, “intention”, “expectation”, etc. the na is separated; na noni.
On the other hand if the word is a concrete “thing”, then it is the full conjunctive; nanoni.
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = When na is separated for these formal nouns, the remaining element is always the conjunctive node or noni. There is never a "na no de" or "na no ni" structure in this context.
}}

==== では ====
If では follows a noun or phrase and directly governs a predicate (especially before negation, contrast, or evaluation), they are always Romanized as two separate elements '''de wa'''.

Any standalone adjective or adjectival noun following では, are always separated and capitalized as independent words;
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * ではない → '''de wa Nai'''
* ではなく → '''de wa Naku'''
* ではいられない → '''de wa Irarenai'''
* では済まない → '''de wa Sumanai'''
}}
If では appears at the beginning of a sentence or functions as a discourse marker (meaning “well then / in that case”), treat it as a lexicalized conjunctive '''dewa'''.

==== だって ====
Romanize だって as '''datte''' (conjunctive particle) when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “even / after all / because”.
* It usually appears before nouns or at the beginning of a sentence.
* It can often be replaced with も (mo) without changing the meaning.

<blockquote>Example: 女の子だって遊びたい → '''Onnanoko datte Asobitai''' (“Even girls want to play.”)

Alternate version: ''Onnanoko mo Asobitai''</blockquote>Romanize だって as '''da tte''' ([[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] + [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particle]]) when:

* It is literally ''da'' (copula “is/was”) followed by ''tte'' (quotative/colloquial topic particle).
* It usually follows a noun or adjective to state “X is” + quoted/topic element.
* You can replace だ ''da'' with です ''desu'' or だった ''datta'' and the meaning stays the same.

<blockquote>Example: 「犯人は君だ」って言った → '''"Hannin wa Kimi da" tte Itta''' (“I said ‘The culprit is you’”)

Alternate version: "Hannin wa Kimi desu" tte itta</blockquote>

=== じゃ + adjective sequences ===
When the [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] ''ja'' is followed by a standalone adjective or adjectival noun, they are kept as separate and capitalized as independent words. This preserves the semantic weight of the negative or prohibitive word.

# Ja is a contraction of the cluster “de wa”, so it is treated as a '''copula''' and as per the core style copula are always written separately and in lowercase.
# The negative adjective or adjectival noun (e.g. ''nai'', ''dame'') is '''not fused''' to ''ja'' and capitalized as independent words.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that じゃん is always Romanized separate and in lowercase as jan, as it is a colloquial contraction of ja Nai (and not from ja + no).
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 好みじゃない → '''Konomi ja Nai'''
* 聖女じゃなかった → '''Seijo ja Nakatta'''
* 学生じゃなくなる → '''Gakusei ja Naku Naru'''
* 浮気じゃダメ → '''Uwaki ja Dame'''
* これじゃ無理 → '''Kore ja Muri'''
* 可愛いじゃん → '''Kawaii jan'''
}}

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-02T23:20:28Z

Boursk: Completed initial draft

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます is Romanized as Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu.
* 婚約 is Romanized as Kon'yaku, and similary 転移 is Romanized as Ten'i.
* 女 is Romanized as Onna there is no need to apostrophe the double n.
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → ''Skill'', ダンジョン → ''Dungeon'', クリス → ''Chris'').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → ''Gyaru'', バイト → ''Baito'', ラブホ → ''Rabuho'').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → ''Toukyou'', 大阪 → ''Oosaka'').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → ''nanoni'', でも → ''demo'', ですが → ''desuga'').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'', んだけど → ''ndakedo'').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → ''Mitekudasai'', 可愛すぎる → ''Kawaisugiru'', してない → ''Shitenai'').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → ''Itsunomanika'', なんとなく → ''Nantonaku'', ひょっとして → ''Hyottoshite'', もしかしたら → ''Moshikashitara'')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → ''Onnanoko''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → Dagashiya''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → ''Bungeibu'').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → ''Shinimodori'').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → ''Murimuri'', ワクワク → ''Wakuwaku'', フワフワ → ''Fuwafuwa'').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → ''Ohime'', ご主人 → ''Goshujin'').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

* 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

* 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.<blockquote>放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.

放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.

放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.</blockquote>

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → Tenshoku Suru
* 辞退して → Jitai Shite
* 転生した → Tensei Shita
* 追放された → Tsuihou Sareta
* 愛します → Aishimasu
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → Aishite
* 恋した → Koishita
* 画された → Kakusareta
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → Kegirai Shiteita
* 溺愛されてました → Dekiai Saretemashita
* 全国配信してしまう → Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau
* 追放してきた → Tsuihou Shitekita
* 愛してる → Aishiteru
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → Hanashita).
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → Ganbattekure
* 見てください → Mitekudasai
* 行ってしまった → Itteshimatta
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → Tanoshindeitara
* 食べてる → Tabeteru
* していた → Shiteita
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → Kawaisugiru
* 集まりすぎました → Atsumarusugimashita
* 読みやすい → Yomiyasui
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → Iseikaikatsu (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → Gachankii (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → Maoujou (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====

* 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
}}

* お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
}}

* れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

* Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

* ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
}}

* １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

* １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''

{{Note}} ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
{{Note
| text = When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.
}}

* 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

* 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
{{Note
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.
}}

* 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbols present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Prefixes ===

==== Descriptor prefixes ====
Many Japanese titles utilize prefixes to act as {{Tooltip|content='''intensifiers'''|tooltip text=These amplify the following subject.}} or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=These define the current state of the subject.|content='''status modifiers'''}}. These say something about the subject that follows. To keep the Romanization modular and clean, these are always to be Romanized '''separately and capitalized'''.

This approach prevents clutter when prefixes are stacked and ensures that auxiliary elements (like verbs) remain attached to the subject without creating an unreadable wall of text and prevents excessive hyphenation.
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Lexicalization
| text = If a word with one of these prefixes is a fixed dictionary entry where the meaning has shifted away from the literal parts (e.g., 新聞 → Shinbun meaning Newspaper and not “New News”), it is a single compound and must be fused. The clipped compounds 元カレ → Motokare and 元カノ → Motokano also fall under here, and are always Romanized fused.
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Intensifier prefixes examples: 超 (Chou), 激 (Geki), 鬼 (Oni), 神 (Kami), and 極 (Kyoku)
* 超ガキ → '''Chou Gaki''' (“Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 激愛された → '''Geki Aisarete''' (“Dearly Loved”).
Status prefixes examples: 元 (Moto), 新 (Shin), 生 (Nama)
* 元冒険者 → '''Moto Boukensha''' (“Former Adventurer”).
* 新世界 → '''Shin Sekai''' (“New World”).
* 新生活 → '''Shin Seikatsu''' (“New Life”).
Multiple prefixes:
* 元超ガキ → '''Moto Chou Gaki''' (“Former Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 元大冒険者 → '''Moto Dai Boukensha''' (“Former Great Adventurer”).
}}

==== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ====
The prefix '''Dai (第)''' transforms a cardinal number into an ''ordinal'' (e.g., from “seven” to “seventh”). To maintain consistency and scannability, we use two mirrored formats depending on the numeral type.
{{Note
| text = The following mirrors the two forms found in English: “Seventh Prince” (Native Numerals → Ordinal Words) vs. “7th Prince” (Arabic Numerals → Ordinal Digits).
}}

===== Native (k''anji'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Fuse Dai '''directly''' to the number word. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': This treats the rank as a single descriptor (e.g., Dainana = Seventh).
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第一章 → '''Daiichi Sho''' (First Chapter)
* 第二部 → '''Daini Bu''' (Second Part)
* 第三幕 → '''Daisan Maku''' (Third Act)
* 第七王子 → '''Danana Ouji''' (Seventh Prince)
* 第二の職業 → '''Daini no Shokugyou''' (Second Profession)
}}

===== Arabic (d''igits'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Attach Dai to the digit '''using a hyphen'''. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': The hyphen acts as a visual anchor between the Japanese text and the Western digit, preventing the number from “floating.”
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第１章 → '''Dai-1 Sho''' (1st Chapter)
* 第２部 → '''Dai-2 Bu''' (2nd Part)
* 第３幕 → '''Dai-3 Maku''' (3rd Act)
* 第７王子 → '''Dai-7 Ouji''' (7th Prince)
* 公安第９課 → '''Kouan Dai-9 Ka''' (Public Safety 9th Division)
}}

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====
The prefix '''大 (dai)''' requires extra attention. Many words using ''Dai'' are fully lexicalized (the “Great” is often invisible in the translation), while others are used specifically as titles or epithets for emphasis in fiction.

===== Common dictionary noun or shifted compound =====
If the '''大 (dai)''' acts as a permanent part of the word's definition, '''keep it fused'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Logic
|-
| align="left" |大好き
| align="left" |Daisuki
| align="left" |Love
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Like”
|-
| align="left" |大嫌い
| align="left" |Daikirai
| align="left" |Hate
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Dislike”
|-
| align="left" |大人気
| align="left" |Daininki
| align="left" |Very Popular
| align="left" |Standard adjectival noun
|-
| align="left" |大学
| align="left" |Daigaku
| align="left" |University
| align="left" |A specific entity (not “Great Study”)
|-
| align="left" |大冒険
| align="left" |Daibouken
| align="left" |Great Adventure
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|-
| align="left" |大事故
| align="left" |Daijiko
| align="left" |Major Accident
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大成功
| align="left" |Daiseikou
| align="left" |Great Success
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大作戦
| align="left" |Daisakusen
| align="left" |Great Plan
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大問題
| align="left" |Daimondai
| align="left" |Serious Problem
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大聖堂
| align="left" |Daiseidou
| align="left" |Cathedral
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|}

===== Descriptive title or fantasy epithet =====
In Light Novel and Manga titles, Dai is often used as a rank (like “Arch-” or “High-”). In these cases, '''separate it''' to highlight the character's status.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Context
|-
| align="left" |大冒険者
| align="left" |Dai Boukensha
| align="left" |Great Adventurer
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大賢者
| align="left" |Dai Kenja
| align="left" |Great Sage
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大戦士
| align="left" |Dai Senshi
| align="left" |great warrior
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔王
| align="left" |Dai Maou
| align="left" |Great Demon Lord
| align="left" |Fantasy Epithet
|-
| align="left" |大聖女
| align="left" |Dai Seijo
| align="left" |Great Saintess
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大聖者
| align="left" |Dai Seija
| align="left" |Great Saint(ess)
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔導士
| align="left" |Dai Madoushi
| align="left" |Archmage
| align="left" |Specialized Title
|}
{{Note
| text = While words like Daiseijo or Daimadoushi are morphologically compounds, we split them (Dai Seijo, Dai Madoushi) in titles to mirror the Western “great/high” modifier, making the rank immediately scannable.
}}

===== Edge cases =====
In extreme edge cases where both fused and split versions carry meaning (e.g., 大天使), and the author's specific intent is unknown, always default to the '''fused dictionary version'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |大天使
| align="left" |Daitenshi
| align="left" |(Default) Archangel
|-
| align="left" |Dai Tenshi
| align="left" |(Ephasis/Descriptor) Great Angel
|}

=== Suffixes ===
Any suffix after a personal- or placename or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Words with a foreign origin that are Romanized directly as the word of origin. (E.g. ゲーム → game)|content=non-embedded identifiable loanword}} are always hyphenated.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = Hyphens mark tight morphological fusion, while separation marks syntactic or semantic independence.
}}

==== Conceptional and identity suffixes ====
Suffixes that transform the base noun into a new concept, class, or trope create a single identity pillar. These type of suffixes are typically fused with their base noun.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 屋 (-ya, “shop suffix”)
** 本屋 → '''Hon'ya''' (Book Store)
** パン屋 → '''Panya''' (Bakery)
** ゲーム屋 → '''Game-ya''' (Game Store, hyphenated because the base noun is a loanword)
* 化 (-ka, “-ification suffix”)
** 猛獣化 → '''Moujuuka''' (Beastification)
** 悪役化 → '''Akuyakuka''' (Villainization)
* 婚 (-kon, “marriage suffix”)
** 契約婚 → '''Keiyakukon''' (Contract Marriage)
** 転生婚 → '''Tenseikon''' (Reincarnated Marriage)
** 速婚 → '''Sokukon''' (Quick Marriage)
}}

==== Attribute and bound suffixes ====
Suffixes that describe a specific attribute, lifestyle, or action performed upon/by the noun. These often undergo {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}}, which must be reflected in the Romanization.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = The rendaku rules don't provide a guideline that will be true in every case. Authors may decide to not use rendaku (even though it normally would) for stylistic reasons. Always follow the kana reading if available. If the suffix is written in kanji and there is no source that provides a kana reading for the title, then go with the most common use for the main title. The other reading may be used in an alternative title.
}}
{| class="wikitable nowrap"
!Kanji
!Reading
!Handling Logic
!Native Example
!Loanword/Letter Example
!Suffix meaning
|-
|達
| -tachi
|Always hyphenated
|私たち → ''Watashi-tachi''
|エルフたち → ''Elf-tachi''
|Pluralization
|-
|好き
| -zuki / -suki
|Always hyphenated
|オシャレ好き → ''Oshare-'''zu'''ki''
|ＴＳ好き → ''TS-'''su'''ki''
| -lover
|-
|殺し
| -goroshi / -koroshi
|Always hyphenated
|神殺し → ''Kami-'''go'''roshi''
|モンスター殺し → ''Monster-'''ko'''roshi''
| -slayer
|-
|暮らし
| -gurashi / -kurashi
|Always hyphenated
|辺境ぐらし → ''Henkyou-gurashi'' 猫くらし → ''Neko-kurashi''
|ダンジョン暮らし → ''Dungeon-gurashi''
| -life
|-
|付き
| -tsuki
|Always hyphenated Does not undergo rendaku
|座敷童子付き → Zashikiwarashi-tsuki 庭つき → Niwa-tsuki 皇帝つき → ''Koutei-tsuki''
|キス付き → Kiss-tsuki
|-included, -attached, -assistant
|}

==== Suffix-like content designators ====
These suffix-like content designators (編, 譚, 章, 録, etc.) have their grammatical behavior shifts depending on what precedes them;

* When directly attached to a single noun or compound, they act as suffixes and are hyphenated to the preceding word (冬編 → '''Fuyu-hen''', 妖怪譚 → '''Youkai-tan''').
* When following a phrase or clause-like structure, they function as independent nouns and are separated and capitalized (俺が最強になった編 → '''Ore ga Saikyou ni Natta Hen''', 斬吸血鬼譚 → '''Zan Kyuuketsuki Tan''').

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===
兼 (ken) is a conjuntion meaning “and” or to act as a the “/” or “-cum-” in English so it is always Romanized in lowercase as '''ken''' with spaces around it (e.g., Ａ兼Ｂ → ''A ken B'').

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===
Onomatopoeic words (words representing a sound effect) are always Romanized literally. They must never be replaced with English equivalents or approximations (e.g., use "''Pan"'' for パン, not "Clap").

* Sequences: In a sequence of different sound effects, each individual sound is treated as a standalone, capitalized word and is not fused (e.g., ぺチパンパチン → '''Pechi Pan Pachin''').
* Reduplication: If a single sound is repeated to form a lexicalized rhythmic word, the sounds are fused as one word (e.g., ぺチぺチ → '''Pechipechi''').

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that” / quotative particle
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|だって
|[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|see: だって]]
|{{Note}} can be copula + particle or conjunctive particle depending on context
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → ja Nakunaru to shite mo
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → Seijo ja Nai kara</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → sou nandesu
* そうなんだ → sou nanda
}}

=== Conjunctions ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|なら
|nara
|conjunctive conditional “if so / that being the case”
|-
|だけど
|dakedo
|conjunction “but / however / although”
|-
|だから
|dakara
|conjunction “therefore / that’s why / because …”
|-
|だったら
|dattara
|conjunction “if it's the case”
|-
|だが
|daga
|conjunction “however / but”
|-
|ですが
|desuga
|conjunction “but / however / nevertheless”
|-
|ですから
|desukara
|conjunction “therefore / so”, polite discourse connector, clause-initial or sentence-final
|-
|それでは
|soredewa
|conjunctive discourse marker “well then / so / in that case”
|}

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Expression
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Details
! align="left" |Function / Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |ので
| align="left" |no de
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#ので|See ので]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “because / since”, causal relation
|-
| align="left" |node
| align="left" |conjunction “because / so”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |のに
| align="left" |no ni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#のに|See のに]]
| align="left" |nominalizer + particle “despite the fact that / although”, clause-linking
|-
| align="left" |noni
| align="left" |conjunction “although / even though”
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なので
| align="left" |na node
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なので]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''node'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanode
| align="left" |conjunction “because / since”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |なのに
| align="left" |na noni
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#なので and なのに|See なのに]]
| align="left" |copula + conjunctive ''noni'' bridge, split after '''Formal Nouns''' (e.g., you, wake, hazu)
|-
| align="left" |nanoni
| align="left" |conjunction “even though / despite that”, after plain nouns and na-adjectives
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |では
| align="left" |de wa
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#では|See では]]
| align="left" |copula/particle construction marking contrast or condition, often before negation
|-
| align="left" |dewa
| align="left" |discourse marker “well then / so / in that case” at clause-start only
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |だって
| align="left" |da tte
| rowspan="2" align="left" |[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#だって|See だって]]
| align="left" |copula + quotative particle, transparent structure
|-
| align="left" |datte
| align="left" |lexicalized particle “even / after all / because”
|}

==== ので ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, ので is nearly always the conjunctive '''node'''!
}}
Romanize ので single conjunctive '''node''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “because / so / since”.
* Commonly follows verbs, adjectives, or copulas to connect cause and result.
* Very often written as ので、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: 困ったので帰ります → ''Komatta '''node''' Kaerimasu'' (“Because I got into trouble, I’ll go home”).</blockquote>Romanize ので as two particles '''no de''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の (no) is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and で (de) marks the location or instrument (with / by / at).
* The meaning is literal “of X + with / by / at” rather than “because / so / since”.
* If you can replace の (no) with な (na) or remove の (no) entirely and the phrase still makes sense, it is two particles.

<blockquote>Example: 本ので写真で説明する → ''Hon '''no de''' Shashin de Setsumei Suru'' (“Explain with pictures of the book”).</blockquote>

==== のに ====
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = In practice, especially for Japanese titles, のに is nearly always the conjunctive '''noni'''!
}}
Romanize のに as single conjunctive '''noni''' when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “despite / even though”.
* Commonly follows i-adjectives, verbs, or noun+particle structures.
* Very often written as のに、 — with a comma — when starting a new clause.

<blockquote>Example: みんな疲れているのに頑張っている → ''Minna Tsukareteiru '''noni''' Ganbatte Iru'' (“Even though everyone’s tired, they’re pushing on”).</blockquote>Romanize のに as two particles '''no ni''' — in extremely '''rare cases''' for titles — when:

* の ''no'' is the genitive or nominalizing particle, and に ''ni'' marks location or direction (at / in / on).
* The meaning is literal “of X” + “at / in / on” rather than “despite / even though”.

<blockquote>Example: 君のに夢を置いた → ''Kimi '''no ni''' Yume o Oita'' (“I placed a dream in yours”).</blockquote>

==== なので and なのに ====
The sequences なので and なのに are handled differently depending on what precedes them.

Romanize なので or なのに as single conjunctive '''nanode''' or '''nanoni''' when they follow a concrete noun or a na-adjective:

* Functioning as a bridge meaning “because / since” or “even though / despite that” respectively.
* '''Concrete Nouns''': Sensei nanode, Manga nanoni, Himitsu nanode.
* '''Na-Adjectives''': Suki nanoni, Kirei nanode, Shizuka nanode.

Romanize なので or なのに as a copula + conjunctive structure '''na node''' or '''na noni''' when they follow formal noun:

* This prevents these “weighty” formal nouns from being swallowed by the grammar.
* In this structure, the sequence is a complete bridge so these formal nouns are lowercased!
* See the list down below for the these formal nouns (abstract concepts) and are generally written in kana only.

{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Formal Noun
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Example Structure
! align="left" |Example Romanization
|-
| align="left" |よう (you)
| align="left" |Seeming / Appearance
| align="left" |ようなので
| align="left" |you na node
|-
| align="left" |わけ (wake)
| align="left" |Reason / Way
| align="left" |わけなのに
| align="left" |wake na noni
|-
| align="left" |ため (tame)
| align="left" |Sake / Purpose
| align="left" |ためなので
| align="left" |tame na node
|-
| align="left" |こと (koto)
| align="left" |Thing / Fact
| align="left" |ことなのに
| align="left" |koto na noni
|-
| align="left" |はず (hazu)
| align="left" |Expectation / Should
| align="left" |はずなので
| align="left" |hazu na node
|-
| align="left" |もの (mono)
| align="left" |Object / Reason
| align="left" |ものなのに
| align="left" |mono na noni
|-
| align="left" |つもり (tsumori)
| align="left" |Intention
| align="left" |つもりなので
| align="left" |tsumori na node
|-
| align="left" |とき (toki)
| align="left" |Time / When
| align="left" |ときなのに
| align="left" |toki na noni
|-
| align="left" |ところ (tokoro)
| align="left" |Place / Moment
| align="left" |ところなので
| align="left" |tokoro na node
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| header = Cheat sheet
| text = If the word before na is an abstract concept such as “time”, “reason”, “seeming”, “intention”, “expectation”, etc. the na is separated; na noni.
On the other hand if the word is a concrete “thing”, then it is the full conjunctive; nanoni.
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = When na is separated for these formal nouns, the remaining element is always the conjunctive node or noni. There is never a "na no de" or "na no ni" structure in this context.
}}

==== では ====
If では follows a noun or phrase and directly governs a predicate (especially before negation, contrast, or evaluation), they are always Romanized as two separate elements '''de wa'''.

Any standalone adjective or adjectival noun following では, are always separated and capitalized as independent words;
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * ではない → '''de wa Nai'''
* ではなく → '''de wa Naku'''
* ではいられない → '''de wa Irarenai'''
* では済まない → '''de wa Sumanai'''
}}
If では appears at the beginning of a sentence or functions as a discourse marker (meaning “well then / in that case”), treat it as a lexicalized conjunctive '''dewa'''.

==== だって ====
Romanize だって as '''datte''' (conjunctive particle) when:

* It functions as a single conjunctive particle meaning “even / after all / because”.
* It usually appears before nouns or at the beginning of a sentence.
* It can often be replaced with も (mo) without changing the meaning.

<blockquote>Example: 女の子だって遊びたい → '''Onnanoko datte Asobitai''' (“Even girls want to play.”)

Alternate version: ''Onnanoko mo Asobitai''</blockquote>Romanize だって as '''da tte''' ([[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] + [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particle]]) when:

* It is literally ''da'' (copula “is/was”) followed by ''tte'' (quotative/colloquial topic particle).
* It usually follows a noun or adjective to state “X is” + quoted/topic element.
* You can replace だ ''da'' with です ''desu'' or だった ''datta'' and the meaning stays the same.

<blockquote>Example: 「犯人は君だ」って言った → '''"Hannin wa Kimi da" tte Itta''' (“I said ‘The culprit is you’”)

Alternate version: "Hannin wa Kimi desu" tte itta</blockquote>

=== じゃ + adjective sequences ===
When the [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copula]] ''ja'' is followed by a standalone adjective or adjectival noun, they are kept as separate and capitalized as independent words. This preserves the semantic weight of the negative or prohibitive word.

# Ja is a contraction of the cluster “de wa”, so it is treated as a '''copula''' and as per the core style copula are always written separately and in lowercase.
# The negative adjective or adjectival noun (e.g. ''nai'', ''dame'') is '''not fused''' to ''ja'' and capitalized as independent words.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that じゃん is always Romanized separate and in lowercase as jan, as it is a colloquial contraction of ja Nai (and not from ja + no).
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 好みじゃない → '''Konomi ja Nai'''
* 聖女じゃなかった → '''Seijo ja Nakatta'''
* 学生じゃなくなる → '''Gakusei ja Naku Naru'''
* 浮気じゃダメ → '''Uwaki ja Dame'''
* これじゃ無理 → '''Kore ja Muri'''
* 可愛いじゃん → '''Kawaii jan'''
}}

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-02T16:47:18Z

Boursk: Still work in progress; filled in more sections.

{{Note
| type = warn
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page while this note is still present on this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます is romanized as Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu.
* 婚約 is Romanized as Kon'yaku, and similary 転移 is Romanized as Ten'i.
* 女 is Romanized as Onna there is no need to apostrophe the double n.
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → ''Skill'', ダンジョン → ''Dungeon'', クリス → ''Chris'').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → ''Gyaru'', バイト → ''Baito'', ラブホ → ''Rabuho'').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → ''Toukyou'', 大阪 → ''Oosaka'').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → ''nanoni'', でも → ''demo'', ですが → ''desuga'').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'', んだけど → ''ndakedo'').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → ''Mitekudasai'', 可愛すぎる → ''Kawaisugiru'', してない → ''Shitenai'').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → ''Itsunomanika'', なんとなく → ''Nantonaku'', ひょっとして → ''Hyottoshite'', もしかしたら → ''Moshikashitara'')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → ''Onnanoko''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → Dagashiya''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → ''Bungeibu'').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → ''Shinimodori'').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → ''Murimuri'', ワクワク → ''Wakuwaku'', フワフワ → ''Fuwafuwa'').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → ''Ohime'', ご主人 → ''Goshujin'').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

* 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

* 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.<blockquote>放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.

放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.

放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.</blockquote>

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → Tenshoku Suru
* 辞退して → Jitai Shite
* 転生した → Tensei Shita
* 追放された → Tsuihou Sareta
* 愛します → Aishimasu
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → Aishite
* 恋した → Koishita
* 画された → Kakusareta
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → Kegirai Shiteita
* 溺愛されてました → Dekiai Saretemashita
* 全国配信してしまう → Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau
* 追放してきた → Tsuihou Shitekita
* 愛してる → Aishiteru
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → Hanashita).
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → Ganbattekure
* 見てください → Mitekudasai
* 行ってしまった → Itteshimatta
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → Tanoshindeitara
* 食べてる → Tabeteru
* していた → Shiteita
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → Kawaisugiru
* 集まりすぎました → Atsumarusugimashita
* 読みやすい → Yomiyasui
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → Iseikaikatsu (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → Gachankii (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → Maoujou (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====

* 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
}}

* お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
}}

* れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

* Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

* ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
}}

* １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

* １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''

{{Note}} ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
{{Note
| text = When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.
}}

* 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

* 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
{{Note
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.
}}

* 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbols present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Prefixes ===

==== Descriptor prefixes ====
Many Japanese titles utilize prefixes to act as {{Tooltip|content='''intensifiers'''|tooltip text=These amplify the following subject.}} or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=These define the current state of the subject.|content='''status modifiers'''}}. These say something about the subject that follows. To keep the Romanization modular and clean, these are always to be Romanized '''separately and capitalized'''.

This approach prevents clutter when prefixes are stacked and ensures that auxiliary elements (like verbs) remain attached to the subject without creating an unreadable wall of text and prevents excessive hyphenation.
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = Lexicalization
| text = If a word with one of these prefixes is a fixed dictionary entry where the meaning has shifted away from the literal parts (e.g., 新聞 → Shinbun meaning Newspaper and not “New News”), it is a single compound and must be fused. The clipped compounds 元カレ → Motokare and 元カノ → Motokano also fall under here, and are always Romanized fused.
}}{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Intensifier prefixes examples: 超 (Chou), 激 (Geki), 鬼 (Oni), 神 (Kami), and 極 (Kyoku)
* 超ガキ → '''Chou Gaki''' (“Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 激愛された → '''Geki Aisarete''' (“Dearly Loved”).
Status prefixes examples: 元 (Moto), 新 (Shin), 生 (Nama)
* 元冒険者 → '''Moto Boukensha''' (“Former Adventurer”).
* 新世界 → '''Shin Sekai''' (“New World”).
* 新生活 → '''Shin Seikatsu''' (“New Life”).
Multiple prefixes:
* 元超ガキ → '''Moto Chou Gaki''' (“Former Super/Extreme Brat”).
* 元大冒険者 → '''Moto Dai Boukensha''' (“Former Great Adventurer”).
}}

==== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ====
The prefix '''Dai (第)''' transforms a cardinal number into an ''ordinal'' (e.g., from “seven” to “seventh”). To maintain consistency and scannability, we use two mirrored formats depending on the numeral type.
{{Note
| text = The following mirrors the two forms found in English: “Seventh Prince” (Native Numerals → Ordinal Words) vs. “7th Prince” (Arabic Numerals → Ordinal Digits).
}}

===== Native (k''anji'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Fuse Dai '''directly''' to the number word. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': This treats the rank as a single descriptor (e.g., Dainana = Seventh).
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第一章 → '''Daiichi Sho''' (First Chapter)
* 第二部 → '''Daini Bu''' (Second Part)
* 第三幕 → '''Daisan Maku''' (Third Act)
* 第七王子 → '''Danana Ouji''' (Seventh Prince)
* 第二の職業 → '''Daini no Shokugyou''' (Second Profession)
}}

===== Arabic (d''igits'') numeral sequences =====
'''Rule''': Attach Dai to the digit '''using a hyphen'''. The following “counter” or “noun” is always separated with a space and capitalized.

'''Logic''': The hyphen acts as a visual anchor between the Japanese text and the Western digit, preventing the number from “floating.”
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 第１章 → '''Dai-1 Sho''' (1st Chapter)
* 第２部 → '''Dai-2 Bu''' (2nd Part)
* 第３幕 → '''Dai-3 Maku''' (3rd Act)
* 第７王子 → '''Dai-7 Ouji''' (7th Prince)
* 公安第９課 → '''Kouan Dai-9 Ka''' (Public Safety 9th Division)
}}

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====
The prefix '''大 (Dai)''' requires extra attention. Many words using ''Dai'' are fully lexicalized (the “Great” is often invisible in the translation), while others are used specifically as titles or epithets for emphasis in fiction.

===== Common dictionary noun or shifted compound =====
If the '''大 (Dai)''' acts as a permanent part of the word's definition, '''keep it fused'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Logic
|-
| align="left" |大好き
| align="left" |Daisuki
| align="left" |Love
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Like”
|-
| align="left" |大嫌い
| align="left" |Daikirai
| align="left" |Hate
| align="left" |Meaning shifted from “Great Dislike”
|-
| align="left" |大人気
| align="left" |Daininki
| align="left" |Very Popular
| align="left" |Standard adjectival noun
|-
| align="left" |大学
| align="left" |Daigaku
| align="left" |University
| align="left" |A specific entity (not “Great Study”)
|-
| align="left" |大冒険
| align="left" |Daibouken
| align="left" |Great Adventure
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|-
| align="left" |大事故
| align="left" |Daijiko
| align="left" |Major Accident
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大成功
| align="left" |Daiseikou
| align="left" |Great Success
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大作戦
| align="left" |Daisakusen
| align="left" |Great Plan
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大問題
| align="left" |Daimondai
| align="left" |Serious Problem
| align="left" |Fixed idiomatic phrase
|-
| align="left" |大聖堂
| align="left" |Daiseidou
| align="left" |Cathedral
| align="left" |Standard collocation
|}

===== Descriptive title or fantasy epithet =====
In Light Novel and Manga titles, Dai is often used as a rank (like “Arch-” or “High-”). In these cases, '''separate it''' to highlight the character's status.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
! align="left" |Context
|-
| align="left" |大冒険者
| align="left" |Dai Boukensha
| align="left" |Great Adventurer
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大賢者
| align="left" |Dai Kenja
| align="left" |Great Sage
| align="left" |Descriptive Rank
|-
| align="left" |大戦士
| align="left" |Dai Senshi
| align="left" |great warrior
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔王
| align="left" |Dai Maou
| align="left" |Great Demon Lord
| align="left" |Fantasy Epithet
|-
| align="left" |大聖女
| align="left" |Dai Seijo
| align="left" |Great Saintess
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大聖者
| align="left" |Dai Seija
| align="left" |Great Saint(ess)
| align="left" |Title-style descriptor
|-
| align="left" |大魔導士
| align="left" |Dai Madoushi
| align="left" |Archmage
| align="left" |Specialized Title
|}
{{Note
| text = While words like Daiseijo or Daimadoushi are morphologically compounds, we split them (Dai Seijo, Dai Madoushi) in titles to mirror the Western “Great/High” modifier, making the rank immediately scannable.
}}

===== Edge cases =====
In extreme edge cases where both fused and split versions carry meaning (e.g., 大天使), and the author's specific intent is unknown, always default to the '''fused dictionary version'''.
{| class="wikitable"
! align="left" |Kanji
! align="left" |Romanization
! align="left" |Meaning
|-
| rowspan="2" align="left" |大天使
| align="left" |Daitenshi
| align="left" |(Default) Archangel
|-
| align="left" |Dai Tenshi
| align="left" |(Ephasis/Descriptor) Great Angel
|}

=== Suffixes ===
Any suffix after a personal- or placename or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Words with a foreign origin that are Romanized directly as the word of origin. (E.g. ゲーム → game)|content=non-embedded identifiable loanword}} are always hyphenated.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = Hyphens mark tight morphological fusion, while separation marks syntactic or semantic independence.
}}

==== Conceptional and identity suffixes ====
Suffixes that transform the base noun into a new concept, class, or trope create a single identity pillar. These type of suffixes are typically fused with their base noun.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 屋 (-ya, “shop suffix”)
** 本屋 → '''Hon'ya''' (Book Store)
** パン屋 → '''Panya''' (Bakery)
** ゲーム屋 → '''Game-ya''' (Game Store, hyphenated because the base noun is a loanword)
* 化 (-ka, “-ification suffix”)
** 猛獣化 → '''Moujuuka''' (Beastification)
** 悪役化 → '''Akuyakuka''' (Villainization)
* 婚 (-kon, “marriage suffix”)
** 契約婚 → '''Keiyakukon''' (Contract Marriage)
** 転生婚 → '''Tenseikon''' (Reincarnated Marriage)
** 速婚 → '''Sokukon''' (Quick Marriage)
}}

==== Attribute and bound suffixes ====
Suffixes that describe a specific attribute, lifestyle, or action performed upon/by the noun. These often undergo {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}}, which must be reflected in the romanization.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = The rendaku rules don't provide a guideline that will be true in every case. Authors may decide to not use rendaku (even though it normally would) for stylistic reasons. Always follow the kana reading if available. If the suffix is written in kanji and there is no source that provides a kana reading for the title, then go with the most common use for the main title. The other reading may be used in an alternative title.
}}
{| class="wikitable nowrap"
!Kanji
!Reading
!Handling Logic
!Native Example
!Loanword/Letter Example
!Suffix meaning
|-
|達
| -tachi
|Always hyphenated
|私たち → ''Watashi-tachi''
|エルフたち → ''Elf-tachi''
|Pluralization
|-
|好き
| -zuki / -suki
|Always hyphenated
|オシャレ好き → ''Oshare-'''zu'''ki''
|ＴＳ好き → ''TS-'''su'''ki''
| -lover
|-
|殺し
| -goroshi / -koroshi
|Always hyphenated
|神殺し → ''Kami-'''go'''roshi''
|モンスター殺し → ''Monster-'''ko'''roshi''
| -slayer
|-
|暮らし
| -gurashi / -kurashi
|Always hyphenated
|辺境ぐらし → ''Henkyou-gurashi'' 猫くらし → ''Neko-kurashi''
|ダンジョン暮らし → ''Dungeon-gurashi''
| -life
|-
|付き
| -tsuki
|Always hyphenated Does not undergo rendaku
|座敷童子付き → Zashikiwarashi-tsuki 庭つき → Niwa-tsuki 皇帝つき → ''Koutei-tsuki''
|キス付き → Kiss-tsuki
|-included, -attached, -assistant
|}

==== Suffix-like content designators ====
These suffix-like content designators (編, 譚, 章, 録, etc.) have their grammatical behavior shifts depending on what precedes them;

* When directly attached to a single noun or compound, they act as suffixes and are hyphenated to the preceding word (冬編 → '''Fuyu-hen''', 妖怪譚 → '''Youkai-tan''').
* When following a phrase or clause-like structure, they function as independent nouns and are separated and capitalized (俺が最強になった編 → '''Ore ga Saikyou ni Natta Hen''', 斬吸血鬼譚 → '''Zan Kyuuketsuki Tan''').

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===
兼 (ken) is a conjuntion meaning “and” or to act as a the “/” or “-cum-” in English so it is always Romanized in lowercase as '''ken''' with spaces around it (e.g., Ａ兼Ｂ → ''A ken B'').

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===
Onomatopoeic words (words representing a sound effect) are always Romanized literally. They must never be replaced with English equivalents or approximations (e.g., use "''Pan"'' for パン, not "Clap").

* Sequences: In a sequence of different sound effects, each individual sound is treated as a standalone, capitalized word and is not fused (e.g., ぺチパンパチン → '''Pechi Pan Pachin''').
* Reduplication: If a single sound is repeated to form a lexicalized rhythmic word, the sounds are fused as one word (e.g., ぺチぺチ → '''Pechipechi''').

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that”
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → ja Nakunaru to shite mo
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → Seijo ja Nai kara</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → sou nandesu
* そうなんだ → sou nanda
}}

=== Conjunctions ===

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===

==== ので ====

==== のに ====

==== なので and なのに ====

==== だって ====

==== では ====

=== じ + adjective sequences ===

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-05-01T10:48:06Z

Boursk: Still work in progress; filled in more sections.

{{Note
| type = warn
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page while this note is still present on this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます is romanized as Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu.
* 婚約 is Romanized as Kon'yaku, and similary 転移 is Romanized as Ten'i.
* 女 is Romanized as Onna there is no need to apostrophe the double n.
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → ''Skill'', ダンジョン → ''Dungeon'', クリス → ''Chris'').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → ''Gyaru'', バイト → ''Baito'', ラブホ → ''Rabuho'').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → ''Toukyou'', 大阪 → ''Oosaka'').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → ''nanoni'', でも → ''demo'', ですが → ''desuga'').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'', んだけど → ''ndakedo'').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → ''Mitekudasai'', 可愛すぎる → ''Kawaisugiru'', してない → ''Shitenai'').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → ''Itsunomanika'', なんとなく → ''Nantonaku'', ひょっとして → ''Hyottoshite'', もしかしたら → ''Moshikashitara'')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → ''Onnanoko''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → Dagashiya''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → ''Bungeibu'').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → ''Shinimodori'').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → ''Murimuri'', ワクワク → ''Wakuwaku'', フワフワ → ''Fuwafuwa'').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → ''Ohime'', ご主人 → ''Goshujin'').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

* 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

* 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.<blockquote>放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.

放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.

放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.</blockquote>

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → Tenshoku Suru
* 辞退して → Jitai Shite
* 転生した → Tensei Shita
* 追放された → Tsuihou Sareta
* 愛します → Aishimasu
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → Aishite
* 恋した → Koishita
* 画された → Kakusareta
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → Kegirai Shiteita
* 溺愛されてました → Dekiai Saretemashita
* 全国配信してしまう → Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau
* 追放してきた → Tsuihou Shitekita
* 愛してる → Aishiteru
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → Hanashita).
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → Ganbattekure
* 見てください → Mitekudasai
* 行ってしまった → Itteshimatta
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → Tanoshindeitara
* 食べてる → Tabeteru
* していた → Shiteita
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → Kawaisugiru
* 集まりすぎました → Atsumarusugimashita
* 読みやすい → Yomiyasui
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → Iseikaikatsu (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → Gachankii (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → Maoujou (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====

* 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
}}

* お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
}}

* れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

* Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

* ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
}}

* １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

* １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''

{{Note}} ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
{{Note
| text = When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.
}}

* 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

* 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
{{Note
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.
}}

* 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbols present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Suffixes ===
Any suffix after a personal- or placename or {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Words with a foreign origin that are Romanized directly as the word of origin. (E.g. ゲーム → game)|content=non-embedded identifiable loanword}} are always hyphenated.

{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = Hyphens mark tight morphological fusion, while separation marks syntactic or semantic independence.
}}

==== Conceptional and identity suffixes ====
Suffixes that transform the base noun into a new concept, class, or trope create a single identity pillar. These type of suffixes are typically fused with their base noun.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 屋 (-ya, “shop suffix”)
** 本屋 → '''Hon'ya''' (Book Store)
** パン屋 → '''Panya''' (Bakery)
** ゲーム屋 → '''Game-ya''' (Game Store, hyphenated because the base noun is a loanword)
* 化 (-ka, “-ification suffix”)
** 猛獣化 → '''Moujuuka''' (Beastification)
** 悪役化 → '''Akuyakuka''' (Villainization)
* 婚 (-kon, “marriage suffix”)
** 契約婚 → '''Keiyakukon''' (Contract Marriage)
** 転生婚 → '''Tenseikon''' (Reincarnated Marriage)
** 速婚 → '''Sokukon''' (Quick Marriage)
}}

==== Attribute and bound suffixes ====
Suffixes that describe a specific attribute, lifestyle, or action performed upon/by the noun. These often undergo {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}}, which must be reflected in the romanization.
{| class="wikitable"
!Kanji
!Reading
!Handling Logic
!Native Example
!Loanword/Letter Example
!Suffix meaning
|-
|たち
| -tachi
|Always hyphenated
|私たち → ''Watashi-tachi''
|エルフたち → ''Elf-tachi''
|Pluralization
|-
|好き
| -zuki / -suki
|Always hyphenated
|オシャレ好き → ''Oshare-'''zu'''ki''
|ＴＳ好き → ''TS-'''su'''ki''
| -lover
|-
|殺し
| -goroshi / -koroshi
|Always hyphenated
|神殺し → ''Kami-'''go'''roshi''
|モンスター → ''Monster-'''ko'''roshi''
| -slayer
|-
|ぐらし
| -gurashi
|Always hyphenated
|辺境ぐらし → ''Henkyou-gurashi''
|スローライフ → ''Slow Life-gurashi''
| -life
|-
|付き, つき
| -tsuki
|Always hyphenated
Does not undergo
rendaku
|座敷童子付き → Zashikiwarashi-tsuki
庭つき → Niwa-tsuki
皇帝つき → ''Koutei-tsuki''
|キス付き → Kiss-tsuki
| -included,
-attached,
-assistant
|}

==== Suffix-like content designators ====
These suffix-like content designators (編, 譚, 章, 録, etc.) have their grammatical behavior shifts depending on what precedes them;

* When directly attached to a single noun or compound, they act as suffixes and are hyphenated to the preceding word (冬編 → '''Fuyu-hen''', 妖怪譚 → '''Youkai-tan''').
* When following a phrase or clause-like structure, they function as independent nouns and are separated and capitalized (俺が最強になった編 → '''Ore ga Saikyou ni Natta Hen''', 斬吸血鬼譚 → '''Zan Kyuuketsuki Tan''').

=== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ===

=== Descriptor prefixes ===

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that”
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → ja Nakunaru to shite mo
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → Seijo ja Nai kara</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → sou nandesu
* そうなんだ → sou nanda
}}

=== Conjunctions ===

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===

==== ので ====

==== のに ====

==== なので and なのに ====

==== だって ====

==== では ====

=== じ + adjective sequences ===

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-04-30T07:21:44Z

Boursk: Still work in progress; filled in more sections.

{{Note
| type = warn
| text = This is a work in progress. Please don't edit this page while this note is still present on this page.
}}

This is the style guide that MangaDex uses to Romanize Japanese titles on the site. These have been adopted from MangaBaka's Romanization style guide who originally wrote the original text. The goal is to have titles consistently Romanized across MangaDex, by defining a standard that is easy to read and write, while staying true to the linguistic norms.

== Base Romanization ==

=== Modified Hepburn Romanization ===
At the base we use [[wikipedia:Hepburn_romanization#Variants|modified Hepburn]] for Romanization, meaning:

* は, へ, and を as ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'' are always Romanized as '''wa''', '''e''', and '''o'''.
* ん is ''always'' Romanized as '''n''' or as '''n'''' — ''with an (straight) apostrophe'' — when the ん is followed by a ''vowel'' or ''y''.
* ず and づ are ''both'' Romanized both as '''zu''' as they are phonetically identical.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 私は学校へ友達を迎えに行きます is romanized as Watashi wa Gakkou e Tomodachi o Mukae ni Ikimasu.
* 婚約 is Romanized as Kon'yaku, and similary 転移 is Romanized as Ten'i.
* 女 is Romanized as Onna there is no need to apostrophe the double n.
}}

=== Adjustments made to modified Hepburn ===
We have made the following adjustments on modified Hepburn for ease of use, clarity and community recognition;

* Represent '''long vowels''' using full-length spellings (e.g., ''ou'', ''oo'', ''uu'', ''aa'', ''ee'', ''ii'') instead of using macrons (e.g., ''ō'', ''ū'', ''ā'' ''ē'', ''ī'').
* Represent the '''sokuon (っ)''' with a “ch”-syllable as ''cch'' instead of the “strict” modified Hepburn ''tch'', however the ''tch'' Romanization shall be used in the alternative title.

=== Regarding loanwords, non-native names and native names ===
Render '''Non-assimilated or identifiable loanwords''', and '''non-Japanese names''' in their established source equivalents whenever identifiable (e.g., スキル → ''Skill'', ダンジョン → ''Dungeon'', クリス → ''Chris'').

Retain '''clipped slang''', or '''fully lexicalized loanwords''' in everyday Japanese, where the Japanese phonology or sociocultural meaning is distinct (e.g., ギャル → ''Gyaru'', バイト → ''Baito'', ラブホ → ''Rabuho'').

Always Romanize '''native Japanese personal and place names''' using Japanese Romanization rules, even if an English exonym is widely known (e.g., 東京 → ''Toukyou'', 大阪 → ''Oosaka'').

=== Capitalization ===
As we are Romanizing '''titles''' of Japanese literature, we use the following capitalization style:

# '''Capitalize''' all ''nouns'', ''verbs'', ''adjectives'', and ''adverbs''.
# '''Keep lowercase''' all ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]]'', ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (including their inflections or grammar bridges)'', and ''[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctions]]'', even when they appear at the end of a sentence.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * Ore wa Maou de aru (I am the Demon King).
* Akuyaku Reijou de atta node (Because I was a Villainess).
}}

=== Word spacing, fusions and hyphenation ===
Keep all words — including [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Particles|particles]], [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Copulas|copulas]] (and their inflections), and [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Conjunctions|conjunctives]] — separate, except for the following specific cases:

* '''Conjunctives''' '''and grammar bridges''' are kept fused and lowercase when functioning as a single unit rather than a sequence of distinct parts (e.g., なのに → ''nanoni'', でも → ''demo'', ですが → ''desuga'').
* '''Morpheme ん (from の)''' is fused with the following element to prevent a loose letter in the title Romanization (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'', んだけど → ''ndakedo'').
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliaries|'''Auxiliaries''']] are always fused to the main verb or adjective—whether via the '''-te form''' or the '''stem''' (e.g, 見てください → ''Mitekudasai'', 可愛すぎる → ''Kawaisugiru'', してない → ''Shitenai'').
* '''Fossilized adverbs''' are kept fused as a single unit (e.g., いつの間にか → ''Itsunomanika'', なんとなく → ''Nantonaku'', ひょっとして → ''Hyottoshite'', もしかしたら → ''Moshikashitara'')
* '''Lexicalized''' '''compounds and generic groups''' are fused when they form
** a '''single dictionary unit''' (e.g. 女の子 → ''Onnanoko''),
** a '''profession''' (e.g, ''駄菓子屋 → Dagashiya''), or
** '''describes a group or category'''. (e.g. 文芸部 → ''Bungeibu'').
* '''[[#Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms|Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms]]''' are treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. (e.g., 異世改活 → ''Iseikaikatsu'', 死に戻り → ''Shinimodori'').
* '''Reduplications (echo)''' are fused into a single word when a word is repeated for emphasis or as onomatopoeia (ムリムリ → ''Murimuri'', ワクワク → ''Wakuwaku'', フワフワ → ''Fuwafuwa'').
* '''Leading honorifics o- and go-''' are fused without a hyphen and capitalized (お姫 → ''Ohime'', ご主人 → ''Goshujin'').
* '''Hyphenation''' is used to protect the identity of a proper noun or to mark functional/relational boundaries that are not part of a compound noun’s core identity.
{{Note
| type = info
| text = Kudasai (ください) in modern Japanese grammar is a request auxiliary when it is preceeded by a -te form of a verb, and is thus always fused like auxilary verbs (見てください → Mitekudasai).
}}

==== Semantic Binomial and Determinative Compounds ====
'''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Fixed expressions formed from two or more morphemes in an “X and Y” relationship|content=Semantic binomial compounds}}''' may be split and Romanized separately for clarity and consistency.

Similarly, '''{{Tooltip|tooltip text=Compound where the first element modifies or specifies the second|content=determinative compound nouns}}''' are also Romanized separately even when written as a single dictionary word in Japanese.

* 王侯貴族 → '''Oukou Kizoku''' (“kings and nobles”)
* 国外追放 → '''Kokugai Tsuihou''' (“banishment from the country”)
* 国内旅行 → '''Kokunai Ryokou''' (“domestic travel”)

'''Strongly lexicalized idioms''', such as four-character idiomatic compounds ('''yojijukugo'''), should remain fused, since they function as a single lexical unit

* 悠々自適 → '''Yuuyuujiteki'''
* 一石二鳥 → '''Issekinichou'''

==== -te form verbs ====
Two consecutive -te form verbs are always separated. Any auxiliaries present are fused to the immediately preceding final -te form.<blockquote>放っておく→ '''Houtteoku''': Is kept fused, as it is a set dictionary expression / compound verb.

放っておいてくれ → '''Houtte Oitekure''': The added auxiliary verb turns ''oku'' into its -te form, separating it from ''houtte.'' The auxiliary ''kureru'' is then fused.

放っておいてくれません → '''Houtte Oitekuremasen''': An extra contracted auxiliary ''-masen'' is present, and is directly fused to the preceding auxiliary verb.</blockquote>

==== Noun + suru ====
When suru or suru inflected forms (s''hita'', s''hite'', s''areta'', s''aseru'', etc.) attaches productively to a (productive) noun write it separately and capitalize it.<blockquote>These are simply nouns that gain verbal force through the addition of suru; dictionaries may list them as so called suru-verbs but morphologically they are still a noun + suru.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 転職する → Tenshoku Suru
* 辞退して → Jitai Shite
* 転生した → Tensei Shita
* 追放された → Tsuihou Sareta
* 愛します → Aishimasu
}}
By contrast, '''fixed or lexicalized suru-verbs''' such as 恋する (''Koisuru''), 愛する (''Aisuru''), or 画する (''Kakusuru'') are Romanized fused, since suru is no longer detachable but part of the verb stem.<blockquote>Dictionaries may list them as normal suru-verbs, found by its suru base form, and they should be treated as a verb.</blockquote>{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 愛して → Aishite
* 恋した → Koishita
* 画された → Kakusareta
}}
[[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Auxiliary verbs|Auxiliary verbs]] or [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese#Contracted auxiliaries|contracted auxiliaries]] are directly fused to the suru-form.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 毛嫌いしていた → Kegirai Shiteita
* 溺愛されてました → Dekiai Saretemashita
* 全国配信してしまう → Zenkoku Haishin Shiteshimau
* 追放してきた → Tsuihou Shitekita
* 愛してる → Aishiteru
}}{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Note that -su verbs (stem) are unrelated to suru; their -shite or -shita forms come from regular conjugation (e.g, 隠して → Kakushite, 話した → Hanashita).
}}

== Expanded explanation and examples ==

=== Auxiliaries ===
Japanese auxiliaries elements are '''always fused''' with the preceding verb, adverb or adjective to modify aspect, voice or nuance and can be roughly divided in three groups.

==== Auxiliary verbs ====
These typically follow the -te form of a main verb and express sequence, aspect, completion or request.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Auxiliary verb examples: -kuru, -iku, -shimau, -ageru, -morau, -kudasai.

Examples with a main element:
* 頑張ってくれ → Ganbattekure
* 見てください → Mitekudasai
* 行ってしまった → Itteshimatta
}}

==== Contracted auxiliaries ====
These represent shortened or conjugated forms of auxiliary verbs.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Contracted auxiliary examples: -teiru/-teru (from -iru), -teita/-teta (from -ita), -you (from -iyou), -mashita.

Examples with a main element:
* 楽しんでいたら → Tanoshindeitara
* 食べてる → Tabeteru
* していた → Shiteita
}}

==== Adjectival auxiliaries ====
These express degree/intensity, desire or ease/difficulty.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = Adjectival auxiliary examples: -sugiru, -yasui, -nikui, -rashii.

Examples with a main element:
* 可愛すぎる → Kawaisugiru
* 集まりすぎました → Atsumarusugimashita
* 読みやすい → Yomiyasui
}}

=== Thematic portmanteaus and coined terms ===
Many Japanese titles feature unique, coined compounds (zougo) created by blending or clipping multiple existing words into a single keyword. These function as a specific "brand name" or thematic identity for the series.

For Romanization, these are to be treated as single, fused lexical units, even if they are not found in standard dictionaries. This preserves the wordplay and distinguishes the term from standard descriptive modifiers. If the component parts are clipped or intended to be read as a single concept, they should always be fused.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 異世改活 → Iseikaikatsu (Isekai + Kaikatsu, overlapping "kai" reading from both words).
* ガチャンキイ → Gachankii (Gacha + Yankii, the "ya" (ャ) however is lost with the Romanization).
* 魔王城 → Maoujou (Mouou + Oujou, overlapping "Ou" (王) from both words).
}}

=== Hyphenation ===
The word following the hyphen should always be in lower-case and without extra spaces surrounding the hyphen.

==== Honorifics, titles and household/clan names ====

* 直美さん → '''Naomi-san''' (name + honorific)
* お兄ちゃん → '''Onii-chan''' (kinship + honorific)
* 田中先生 → '''Tanaka-sensei''' (name + title)
* 魔王様 → '''Maou-sama''' (demon king + honorific)
* 天使様 → '''Tenshi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 聖騎士さま → '''Seikishi-sama''' (rank + honorific)
* 京兼家 → '''Kyougane-ke''' (household/clan name)
* 篝家 → '''Kagari-ke''' (household/clan name)

Titles that are a standalone noun title, such as 陛下, are always Romanized separately and without a hyphen; 国王陛下 → '''Kokuou Heika'''.
{{Note
| type = warn
| text = Be careful of lexicalized kinship terms as they are fused without an hyphen.
}}

* お姉さん / おねえさん → '''Oneesan''' (elder sister)
* お兄さん / おにいさん → '''Oniisan''' (elder brother)
* 叔父さん / おじさん → '''Ojisan''' (uncle or middle-aged man)
* 叔母さん / おばさん → '''Obasan''' (aunt or middle-aged woman)
* 奥さん → '''Okusan''' (wife)
* お嫁さん → '''Oyomesan''' (bride + polite prefix)
* おっさん → '''Ossan''' (old man)
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the honorific when applicable.
}}

* れい姉ちゃん → '''Rei-neechan'''

==== Multi-word expressions ====
These words function as a single semantic or grammatical unit, particularly modifier–noun phrases, semi-lexicalized constructions, or commonly recognized set expressions. This is especially common when the first element is a katakana loanword or Roman-letter term or abbreviation, where the hyphen helps clarify word boundaries and preserves the perception of a single semantic unit

* Ｓランク → '''S-Rank''' (Considered as a fully loaned word, so it is capitalized as such)
* バイト先 → '''Baito-saki''' (先 is fused with a hyphen due to the katakana loanword; ''location'')
* ポーション師 → '''Potion-shi''' (師 is fused with a hyphen due to the katanana loanword; ''master'')
* Ｓ級 → '''S-kyuu''' (級 is fused with a hyphen due to the Roman letter term; ''class'')
* 僕たち → '''Boku-tachi''' (たち is always fused with a hyphen; ''pluralization'')
* 環状戦 → '''Kanjou-sen''' (級 is always fused with a hyphen; ''battle/war/fight'')
* 契約婚 → '''Keiyaku-kon''' (“contract marriage” hyphenated due to the clipped 婚約)

==== Arabic numerals and their counters and modifiers ====
Arabic numerals followed by counters are always fused with a hyphen to the counter.

The counter uses its regular numeral-attached reading; the standard form used in dictionaries and this is most often On’yomi, but not always.

* ２人 → '''2-nin''' (and not as ''2-ri'' using the -ri from “futari” special reading)
* １０００体 → '''1000-tai'''
* 10年 → '''10-nen'''
* 8月31日 → '''8-gatsu 31-nichi'''
* ８号 → '''8-gou'''
{{Note
| type = error
| text = Avoid double hyphenation by fusing the modifier to the counter or by fusing the counter to the preceding number unit.
}}

* １０年間 → '''10-nenkan''' as number + counter (年) + fused modifier (間)
* ２２２日目 → '''222-nichime''' as number + counter (日) + fused modifier (目)
* ３１番目 → '''31-banme''' as number + counter (番) + fused modifier (目)
* ６歳上 → '''4-saijou''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (上)
* １０歳下 → '''10-saishita''' as number + counter (歳) + fused lexicalized (下)
* ８万枚 → '''8-manmai''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (枚)
* ３億円 → '''3-okuen''' as number + number unit (億) + fused counter (円)
* １０万年 → '''10-mannen''' as number + number unit (万) + fused counter (年)
{{Note
| type = info
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are also fused to the counter to avoid double hyphenation.
}}
When 後 or 前 follow an Arabic-numeral counter construction, they are treated as '''unit-final temporal suffixes''' and read as '''-go''' and '''-mae''' respectively.

* １００日後 → '''100-nichigo'''
* １００年後 → '''100-nengo'''
* １００日前 → '''100-nichimae'''
* １００年前 → '''100-nenmae'''

{{Note}} ''While '''-zen''' is technically a Sino-Japanese reading (On-yomi) that matches '''-go''', in modern Japanese, '''-zen''' as a suffix is almost exclusively formal, historical, or academic.''
{{Note
| text = When the counter is a loanword then write the number and counter like it would be in English, the hyphen can then be used for the modifier.
}}

* 5キロ → '''5 Kilo''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 5キロ減 → '''5 Kilo-ge''' (number + counter + modifier)
* 2メートル → '''2 Meter''' (capitalized because it is used in a title)
* 2メートル越え → '''2 Meter-koe''' (number + counter + modifier)

=== Native kanji numerals and their counters ===
Native kanji numerals followed by counters are always fused without a hyphen to the counter, any modifier present is also fused directly to the counter.

This ensures that {{Tooltip|tooltip text=Special or irregular reading|content=suppletive}} numeral–counter readings are reflecting natural lexicalization and are correctly preserved in Romanization.

* 二人 → '''Futari''' (and not Ninin; suppletive reading)
* 一年 → '''Ichinen'''
* 四年生 → '''Yonensei'''
* 八男 → '''Hachinan'''
{{Note
| text = 後 and 前 are treated as unit-final temporal suffixes in numeral constructions, and they are bound with a hyphen to the counter like normal bound suffixes.
}}

* 二日前 → '''Futsuka-mae'''
* 数日前 → '''Suujitsu-mae'''
* 三年後 → '''Sannen-go'''

=== Quotations ===
Whenever quotations are used, they are always Romanized as double straight quotation marks, i.e. "Text".

{{Note
| type = example
| header = Various types of Japanese quotation marks
| text = * Japanese quotation marks: 「文章」
* Any straight or smart quotation marks: ❝文章❞
* Lenticular brackets: 【文章】({{Note}} can also be used for non-quotation purposes, in which case see: [[#Other special characters|other special characters]])
}}

=== Other special characters ===
Full-width square brackets ［文章］or lenticular brackets 【文章】 when unclear if they are/clearly not for quotation (e.g. skill names), are to be Romanized as normal square brackets. I.e. [Text].

Double angle brackets 《文章》or the double less/greater than symbols ≪文章≫ are to be Romanized to double straight quotation marks. I.e. "Text".

Any other (Unicode) symbol present (e.g. ×,♥,♡,★,☆,○,♂,♀) shall be copied as-is with a space around these symbols, unless the author/cover styling makes it clear there shouldn't be any spacing.
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * 《魔力無限》 → '''Maryoku Mugen'''
* L♥DK → '''L♥DK''' (kept as-is without any spaces)
* まどか★マギカ → '''Madoka★Magica''' (author/cover specific styling)
* 黒騎士♂、戦闘メイド♀に → '''Kurokishi ♂, Sentou Maid ♀ ni'''
}}

=== Suffixes ===

==== Conceptional identity suffixes ====

==== Attribute bound suffixes ====

==== Suffix-like content designators ====

=== Ordinal number prefix 第 (dai) ===

=== Descriptor prefixes ===

==== The 大 prefix (dai) ====

=== Dual-role connector 兼 (ken) ===

=== Onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia sequences ===

== Particles, copulas and conjunctions ==

=== Particles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|は
|wa
|topic particle
|-
|が
|ga
|subject particle
|-
|を
|o
|object particle
|-
|の
|no
|Genitive or nominalizer particle
|-
|な
|na
|adjectival(-noun) linking particle or sentence-ending particle
|-
|に
|ni
|particle “to / at / in”
|-
|と
|to
|particle “and / with / that”
|-
|で
|de
|particle “at / in / by means of”
|-
|へ
|e
|particle “toward”
|-
|も
|mo
|particle “also / even”
|-
|や
|ya
|particle “and / among other things”
|-
|った
|tte
|particle “[you/he/she/they] said / even if”
|-
|だけ
|dake
|particle “only”
|-
|まで
|made
|particle “to / until”
|-
|から
|kara
|particle “from / because”
|-
|より
|yori
|particle “x rather than y / x over y”
|-
|にて
|nite
|particle (formal / literary) “at / in / by means of / on the occasion of”
|-
|しか
|shika
|particle “nothing but / except / no more than” always followed by a negation
|-
|くらい
|kurai
|particle “approximately, about, around”
{{Note}} if it undergoes {{Tooltip|content=rendaku|tooltip text=A pronunciation change where the first consonant in the second part of a compound word becomes voiced.
E.g. 'kami' becomes 'oriGami'.}} (after a simple noun) it is a hypenated -gurai suffix
|-
|ばかり
|bakari
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”
|-
|ばっか
|bakka
|particle “only / merely / nothing but / no more than”; colloquial form of ばかり
|-
|なんか
|nanka
|particle “something like... / things like...”; '''not''' to be confused with 何か (''Nanka'')
|-
|なんて
|nante
|particle “things like / such a thing as / like”
|-
|など
|nado
|particle-like “etc” / “and the like”
|-
|のか
|''no ka''
|nominalizer + question particle structure, always separate, even if some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|-
|とか
|toka
|conjunctive particle “and so on” / “for example”
|-
|けど
|kedo
|conjunctive particle “but / although”
|-
|でも
|demo
|conjunctive particle “but / however”
|-
|し
|shi
|conjunctive particle “and / not only that / but...”
|-
|か
|ka
|sentence-ending particle to indicate a question or after alternatives in a summary, always separate
|-
|ね
|ne
|sentence-ending particle “right / isn’t it”, always separate
|-
|わ
|wa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (feminine), always separate
|-
|ぞ / ぜ / さ
|zo / ze / sa
|sentence-ending particles for emphasis or tone (masculine), always separate
|-
|もん
|mon
|sentence-ending / explanatory particle-like contraction (from もの) indicates reason or excuse, or dissatisfaction (feminine)
|}

=== Particle and copula combinations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だと
|''da to''
|copula + quotative particle, always separate; marks said / thought / considered content
|-
|だに
|''da ni''
|copula + particle, always separate, even if even if archaic or when some dictionaries list it as a “particle”
|}

=== Copulas ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / Meaning
|-
|だ
|da
|plain copula
|-
|だった
|datta
|plain past copula
|-
|です
|desu
|polite copula
|-
|でした
|deshita
|polite past copula
|-
|なの
|''na no''
|copula + nominalizer structure, always separate, even when used sentence-finally or labeled an “expression”
|-
|だろう
|darou
|plain conjectural of copula だ “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょう
|deshou
|polite conjectural of copula です “probably / I suppose”
|-
|でしょ
|desho
|colloquial contraction of deshou “right? / isn’t it”
|}

==== Copula grammar bridges ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |である / であります
| align="left" |de aru / de arimasu
| align="left" |Copula Bridge “is / am / are”
|-
| align="left" |であった
| align="left" |de atta
| align="left" |Past Copula Bridge “was / were”
|-
| align="left" |であれ
| align="left" |de are
| align="left" |Imperative/Conditional Bridge “no matter...”
|-
| align="left" |として / とする
| align="left" |to shite / to suru
| align="left" |Capacity Bridge “as a...”
|-
| align="left" |とすると / とすれば
| align="left" |to suru to / to sureba
| align="left" |Conjunction Bridge “if so / then”
|-
| align="left" |にした
| align="left" |ni shita
| align="left" |Decision/Selection Bridge “made into / decided on”
|-
| align="left" |について
| align="left" |ni tsuite
| align="left" |Topic Bridge “about...”
|-
| align="left" |に対して
| align="left" |ni taishite
| align="left" |Relational Bridge “towards/against...”
|-
| align="left" |によって
| align="left" |ni yotte
| align="left" |Causal Bridge “by/due to...”
|-
| align="left" |のこと (に / を)
| align="left" |no koto (ni / o)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (concerning / regarding)
|-
| align="left" |のはず (の)
| align="left" |no hazu (no)
| align="left" |Modal Bridge (expectation) / “should be”
|-
| align="left" |のわけ (は)
| align="left" |no wake (wa)
| align="left" |Structural Bridge (reason) / “the case is”
|-
| align="left" |のある / のない
| align="left" |no aru / no nai
| align="left" |Existence Bridge “with / without / that has”
|}
{{Note
| type = reminder
| text = These are only some examples, be aware of any possible inflections of aru like “de arou” and suru like “shimashita”! 
Any auxiliary that follows a bridge "sticks" to the vocal part (e.g., “to shitekuru”)
}}
As we always Romanize '''da to''' as two separate particles, proper chaining can occur.
{| class="wikitable"
!Expression
!Romanization
!Function / meaning
|-
| align="left" |だとしても
| align="left" |da to shite mo
| align="left" |Concessive Bridge ("even if it is...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしたら
| align="left" |da to shitara
| align="left" |Conditional Bridge ("if it were...")
|-
| align="left" |だとしてもらう
| align="left" |da to shitemorau
| align="left" |Benefactive Chain ("have them be...")
|}

===== Spacing and capitalization with grammar bridges =====
While our goal is consistent visual hierarchy, we prioritize structural accuracy over capitalization perfection.

'''Structural accuracy''': The most important factor is maintaining correct spacing and keeping base particles lowercase in these grammar bridges.

'''Capitalization perfection''': If a volunteer accidentally capitalizes the verbal element of a bridge this is not considered a hard error, as the visual spacing is preserved.

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Critical''': Correct Spacing and particles lower case.
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “Toshite”
* Use “de aru”, not “Dearu”
* Use “you na node”, not “you nanode”
}}

{{Note
| type = example
| header = '''Preferred''': Lowercase bridge-verbs or formal nouns
| text = * Use “to shite”, not “to Shite”
* Use “de aru”, not “de Aru”
* Use “you na node”, not “You na node”
}}

As long as the bridge remains split and the particle is lowercase, the metadata remains clean and searchable. We value your time — don't stress the small stuff!

<blockquote>'''Example''': 双子の姉が神子として引き取られて、私は捨てられたけど多分私が神子である。→ Futago no Ane ga Miko to shite Hikitorarete, Watashi wa Suterareta kedo Tabun Watashi ga Miko de aru.</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = warn
| header = '''Exception''': ja / de wa + emphasis hooks
| text = In case where '''ja''' (じゃ) or '''de wa''' (では) is followed by a negative adjective (e.g., “Nai”, “Nakatta”, “Nakunaru”) or a strong adjectival noun (e.g., “Dame”), the element following the copula is always capitalized.

These words act as a “hook” for the negation or emphasis of the title. Keeping them lowercase by the base bridge rule would cause the “hook” to fizzle out in a “lowercase soup”, especially in long titles.
<blockquote>
'''Example''': じゃなくなるとしても → ja Nakunaru to shite mo
'''Example''': 聖女じゃないから → Seijo ja Nai kara</blockquote>
}}

==== な + ん + copula sequences ====
The '''な + ん + copula''' sequence is treated as a '''single grammatical bridge''':

# The morpheme '''ん''' (from '''の''') fuses directly with the following copula or conjunctive as per the core style (e.g., んです → ''ndesu'').
# The initial '''な''' is then fused to create a single lowercase unit which reflects the function of a fixed explanatory phrase (“it is that…” / “the reason is…”).

<blockquote>''Ensure that it '''nan''' comes from the particles な + の, and not from 何 (“What”) as it would be otherwise separated and capitalized (e.g., 何ですか → Nan desu ka as for “What is it?”).''
</blockquote>
{{Note
| type = example
| header = Examples
| text = * そうなんです → sou nandesu
* そうなんだ → sou nanda
}}

=== Conjunctions ===

=== Separate/conjunction special cases ===

==== ので ====

==== のに ====

==== なので and なのに ====

==== だって ====

==== では ====

=== じ + adjective sequences ===

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-04-29T14:52:00Z

Boursk: Still work in progress; filled in more sections.

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-04-28T05:18:14Z

Boursk: Still work in progress; filled in more sections.

Template:Tooltip

2026-04-28T03:43:27Z

Boursk: Initial draft for basic tooltip functionality (consider upgrading with extension)

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"label": "Content",
"description": "Text shown on the page that will be further explained on the tooltip.",
"type": "content",
"required": true
}
},
"description": "Add a (short) explanation of a given term by showing a tooltip when hovering over the text.",
"paramOrder": [
"content",
"tooltip text"
],
"format": "inline"
}
</templatedata>

User:Boursk

2026-04-28T02:53:23Z

Boursk: Created page with "{{Note | type = info | header = Hello World! | text = Welcome to my wiki user page. }}"

{{Note
| type = info
| header = Hello World!
| text = Welcome to my wiki user page.
}}

MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese Titles

2026-04-27T13:19:05Z

Boursk: Work in progress draft

Template:Note/doc

2026-04-27T12:42:07Z

Boursk: Added documentation for the new 'header' parameter and the 'example' type.

<templatedata>
{
"format": "block",
"description": {
"en": "Show a note in a box (e.g. a top-of-the-page warning).",
"es": "Muestra una nota en un recuadro (p. ej. un aviso en la parte superior de la página).",
"cs": "Zobrazí poznámku v poli (např. upozornění v horní části stránky)",
"tr": "Bir kutuda bir not gösterin (ör. sayfanın üstü uyarısı).",
"fr": "Affiche une note dans une boîte (exemple : un avertissement en haut de la page).",
"pt-br": "Exibe uma nota em uma caixa (como um aviso no topo de uma página)."
},
"params": {
"inline": {
"label": {
"en": "Inline formatting",
"es": "Formato en una sola línea",
"fr": "format une ligne",
"cs": "Inline formátování",
"tr": "Satır içi biçimlendirme",
"pt-br": "Formatação em linha"
},
"description": {
"en": "Show the template without line breaks before and after it.",
"es": "Muestra la plantilla sin saltos de línea antes y después de ésta.",
"fr": "affiche le modèle sans les sauts de ligne, ni avant, ni après.",
"cs": "Zobrazí šablonu bez zalomení řádků před a za ní.",
"tr": "Şablonu, öncesinde ve sonrasında satır kesmeleri olmadan gösterin.",
"pt-br": "Exibe a predefinição sem quebras de linha antes ou após."
},
"default": {
"en": "0",
"pt-br": "0"
},
"autovalue": "1",
"type": "boolean"
},
"type": {
"aliases": [
"2"
],
"label": {
"en": "Type",
"es": "Tipo",
"fr": "type de boîte",
"cs": "Typ",
"tr": "Tür",
"pt-br": "Tipo"
},
"description": {
"en": "One of “info”, “example”, “reminder”, “warn”, or “error”. This setting affects the color and icon.",
"es": "Uno de los siguientes: “info”, “example”, “reminder”, “warn”, o “error”. Este ajuste afecta al color y al icono.",
"fr": "une des valeurs suggérées. Modifie la couleur de la boîte et l'icône associée.",
"cs": "Jedna z možností “info”, “example”, “reminder”, “warn”, or “error” (informace, připomenutí, upozornění nebo chyba). Toto nastavení má vliv na barvu a ikonu.",
"tr": "“info”, “example”, “reminder”, “warn” veya “error” değerlerden biri. Bu ayar, rengi ve simgeyi etkiler.",
"pt-br": "Disponíveis: “info” (informação), “example(exemplo)”, “reminder” (lembrete), “warn” (aviso) e “error” (erro). Essa configuração afeta a cor e o ícone."
},
"suggestedvalues": [
"info",
"example",
"reminder",
"warn",
"error"
],
"default": {
"en": "info",
"pt-br": "info"
},
"type": "string"
},
"header": {
"label": {
"en": "Header",
"es": "Encabezado",
"fr": "En-tête",
"cs": "Hlavička",
"tr": "Başlık",
"pt-br": "cabeçalho"
},
"description": {
"en": "Header text. This is expected to be used in combination with the 'text' parameter.",
"es": "Nota informativa.",
"fr": "note d'information",
"cs": "Informativní poznámka.",
"tr": "Bilgilendirecek not.",
"pt-br": "Nota informativa."
},
"type": "content"
},
"text": {
"aliases": [
"1",
"content"
],
"label": {
"en": "Text",
"es": "Texto",
"fr": "texte affiché",
"cs": "Text",
"tr": "Metin",
"pt-br": "Texto"
},
"description": {
"en": "Informative note. If the 'header' parameter is used, this will be the body text.",
"es": "Nota informativa.",
"fr": "note d'information",
"cs": "Informativní poznámka.",
"tr": "Bilgilendirecek not.",
"pt-br": "Nota informativa."
},
"type": "content",
"example": {
"es": "Texto de la nota.",
"fr": "Texte de la note."
}
}
},
"paramOrder": [
"inline",
"type",
"header",
"text"
]
}
</templatedata>

Template:Note

2026-04-27T12:31:14Z

Boursk: Added optional header and 'example' type

<onlyinclude>{{#if: {{{1|{{{content|{{{text|{{{demo|<noinclude>demo</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}}}} | <templatestyles src="Note/styles.css" /><div class="note-container note-{{#switch: {{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
|gotcha=error
|warning=warn
|notice=info
|=info
|#default={{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
}} {{#ifeq:{{{inline|}}}|1|note-inline}}"><div role="note" class="note note-{{#switch: {{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
|gotcha=error
|warning=warn
|notice=info
|=info
|#default={{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
}}">{{#ifeq:{{{inline|}}}|1|{{{header|{{{1|{{{content|{{{text}}}}}}}}}}}}|
{{{header|{{{1|{{{content|{{{text}}}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{header|}}}|<div class="note-body">
{{{1|{{{content|{{{text}}}}}}}}}</div>}}</div>
| [[File:Icon lightbulb-yellow.svg|18px|alt=Note|link=]] '''Note:''' }}</onlyinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{Note|text=Note without type}}

{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'}}
{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'|header=Header text}}

{{Note|type=example|text=Note with type 'example'}}
{{Note|type=example|text=Note with type 'example'|header=Header text}}

{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'|header=Header text}}

{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'}}
{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'|header=Header text}}

{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'}}
{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'|header=Header text}}

{{Note|type=reminder|text=Add br tags to add a line break}}

{{Note|type=reminder|text=
* Multiple paragraphs.

Of text.}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=
* Multiple paragraphs.

Of text.|header=Header text}}

{{Note}} Text with a note prefix

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=with an inline note}}
</pre>
{{Note|text=Note without type}}
{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'}}
{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'|header=Header text}}
{{Note|type=example|text=Note with type 'example'}}
{{Note|type=example|text=Note with type 'example'|header=Header text}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'|header=Header text}}
{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'}}
{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'|header=Header text}}
{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'}}
{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'|header=Header text}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Add br tags to add a line break}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=
* Multiple paragraphs.

Of text.}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=
* Multiple paragraphs.

Of text.|header=Header text}}
{{Note}} Text with a note prefix

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=with an inline note}}

== Template Specification ==
{{Note/doc}}

Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-27T12:29:35Z

Boursk: Fixed border color

.note-container {
border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0.5em 0;
}
.note-container.note-info, .note-container.note-example {
border-color: #a3caff;
}
.note-container.note-reminder, .note-container.note-warn {
border-color: #fc3;
}
.note-container.note-error {
border-color: #c33;
}
.note {
background-position: left 7px top 50%;
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 40px;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
color: #333;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
.note-body {
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
.note > :first-child, .note-body > :first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.note > :last-child, .note-body > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
.note-inline {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.note.note-info {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_information-progressive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/c/cd/Icon_information-progressive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
padding-left: 40px;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note.note-example {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/0/07/Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note.note-reminder {
background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/51/Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note.note-warn {
background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_alert-warning.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/3/34/Icon_alert-warning.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}

.note.note-error {
background-color: #fee7e6;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_notice-destructive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/53/Icon_notice-destructive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
min-height: 25px;
}

@media screen {
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
/* automatic mode */
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-27T11:59:34Z

Boursk: Added styling for a header/body component and added note-example class

.note-container {
border: 1px solid #ddd; margin: 0.5em 0;
}
.note {
background-position: left 7px top 50%;
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 40px;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #f8f9fa;
color: #333;
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}
.note-body {
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
}
.note > :first-child, .note-body > :first-child {
margin-top: 0 !important;
}
.note > :last-child, .note-body > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}
.note-inline {
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: middle;
}
.note-info {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_information-progressive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/c/cd/Icon_information-progressive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #a3caff;
padding-left: 40px;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note-example {
background-color: #eaf3ff;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/0/07/Icon_stripeToC-rtl.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #a3caff;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note-reminder {
background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/51/Icon_lightbulb-yellow.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #fc3;
min-height: 25px;
}
.note-warn {
background-color: #fff9ea;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_alert-warning.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/3/34/Icon_alert-warning.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #fc3;
min-height: 25px;
}

.note-error {
background-color: #fee7e6;
color: #333;
/* [[File:Icon_notice-destructive.svg]] */
background-image: url('https://wikidex.tr25.es/images/5/53/Icon_notice-destructive.svg');
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #c33;
min-height: 25px;
}

@media screen {
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
/* automatic mode */
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

File:Icon stripeToC-rtl.svg

2026-04-27T11:55:50Z

Boursk:

Template:Note

2026-04-26T19:26:00Z

Boursk: Replaced manually added params table with template data block on /doc

Template:Note/doc

2026-04-26T19:21:32Z

Boursk: Initial draft

<templatedata>
{
"format": "block",
"description": {
"en": "Show a note in a box (e.g. a top-of-the-page warning).",
"es": "Muestra una nota en un recuadro (p. ej. un aviso en la parte superior de la página).",
"cs": "Zobrazí poznámku v poli (např. upozornění v horní části stránky)",
"tr": "Bir kutuda bir not gösterin (ör. sayfanın üstü uyarısı).",
"fr": "Affiche une note dans une boîte (exemple : un avertissement en haut de la page).",
"pt-br": "Exibe uma nota em uma caixa (como um aviso no topo de uma página)."
},
"params": {
"inline": {
"label": {
"en": "Inline formatting",
"es": "Formato en una sola línea",
"fr": "format une ligne",
"cs": "Inline formátování",
"tr": "Satır içi biçimlendirme",
"pt-br": "Formatação em linha"
},
"description": {
"en": "Show the template without line breaks before and after it.",
"es": "Muestra la plantilla sin saltos de línea antes y después de ésta.",
"fr": "affiche le modèle sans les sauts de ligne, ni avant, ni après.",
"cs": "Zobrazí šablonu bez zalomení řádků před a za ní.",
"tr": "Şablonu, öncesinde ve sonrasında satır kesmeleri olmadan gösterin.",
"pt-br": "Exibe a predefinição sem quebras de linha antes ou após."
},
"default": {
"en": "0",
"pt-br": "0"
},
"autovalue": "1",
"type": "boolean"
},
"type": {
"aliases": [
"2"
],
"label": {
"en": "Type",
"es": "Tipo",
"fr": "type de boîte",
"cs": "Typ",
"tr": "Tür",
"pt-br": "Tipo"
},
"description": {
"en": "One of “info”, “reminder”, “warn”, or “error”. This setting affects the color and icon.",
"es": "Uno de los siguientes: “info”, “reminder”, “warn”, o “error”. Este ajuste afecta al color y al icono.",
"fr": "une des valeurs suggérées. Modifie la couleur de la boîte et l'icône associée.",
"cs": "Jedna z možností “info”, “reminder”, “warn”, or “error” (informace, připomenutí, upozornění nebo chyba). Toto nastavení má vliv na barvu a ikonu.",
"tr": "“info”, “reminder”, “warn” veya “error” değerlerden biri. Bu ayar, rengi ve simgeyi etkiler.",
"pt-br": "Disponíveis: “info” (informação), “reminder” (lembrete), “warn” (aviso) e “error” (erro). Essa configuração afeta a cor e o ícone."
},
"suggestedvalues": [
"info",
"reminder",
"warn",
"error"
],
"default": {
"en": "info",
"pt-br": "info"
},
"type": "string"
},
"text": {
"aliases": [
"1",
"content"
],
"label": {
"en": "Text",
"es": "Texto",
"fr": "texte affiché",
"cs": "Text",
"tr": "Metin",
"pt-br": "Texto"
},
"description": {
"en": "Informative note.",
"es": "Nota informativa.",
"fr": "note d'information",
"cs": "Informativní poznámka.",
"tr": "Bilgilendirecek not.",
"pt-br": "Nota informativa."
},
"type": "content",
"example": {
"es": "Texto de la nota.",
"fr": "Texte de la note."
}
}
},
"paramOrder": [
"inline",
"type",
"text"
]
}
</templatedata>

Template:Note

2026-04-26T07:53:21Z

Boursk: Improved examples

<onlyinclude>{{#if: {{{1|{{{content|{{{text|{{{demo|<noinclude>demo</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}}}} | <templatestyles src="Note/styles.css" /><div role="note" class="note note-{{#switch: {{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
|gotcha=error
|warning=warn
|notice=info
|=info
|#default={{{2|{{{type|}}}}}}
}} {{#ifeq:{{{inline|}}}|1|note-inline}}">{{#ifeq:{{{inline|}}}|1|{{{1|{{{content|{{{text}}}}}}}}}|
{{{1|{{{content|{{{text}}}}}}}}}}}</div>
| [[File:Icon lightbulb-yellow.svg|18px|alt=Note|link=]] '''Note:''' }}</onlyinclude>
== Usage ==
<pre>
{{Note|text=Note without type}}
{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'}}
{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'}}
{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'}}
{{Note}} Text with a note prefix

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=with an inline note}}
</pre>
{{Note|text=Note without type}}
{{Note|type=info|text=Note with type 'info'}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Note with type 'reminder'}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Add br tags to add a line break}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=
* Multiple paragraphs.

Of text.}}
{{Note|type=warn|text=Note with type 'warn'}}
{{Note|type=error|text=Note with type 'error'}}
{{Note}} Text with a note prefix

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=with an inline note}}

== Template Parameters ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Parameter !! Description !! Type !! Status
|-
| Inline formatting || <code>inline</code> ||
Show the template without line breaks before and after it.
<dt>Default</dt>
<dd>0</dd>
<dt>Auto value</dt>
<dd>1</dd>
|| Boolean || Optional
|-
| Type || <code>type</code> <code>2</code> ||
One of "info", "reminder", "warn" or "error". This setting affects the color and icon.
<dt>Suggested values</dt>
<dd><code>info</code> <code>reminder</code> <code>warn</code> <code>error</code></dd>
<dt>Default</dt>
<dd>info</dd>
|| String || Optional
|-
| Text || <code>text</code> <code>1</code> <code>content</code> || Informative note || Content || Optional
|}

Content:Manhua

2026-04-26T07:46:45Z

Boursk: Added redirect

#REDIRECT [[Content:Title]]

__NOTOC__
__NOINDEX__
__NONEWSECTIONLINK__

Content:Manhwa

2026-04-26T07:45:54Z

Boursk: Added redirect

#REDIRECT [[Content:Title]]

__NOTOC__
__NOINDEX__
__NONEWSECTIONLINK__

Content:Manga

2026-04-26T07:44:17Z

Boursk: Added redirect

#REDIRECT [[Content:Title]]

__NOTOC__

Genre

2026-04-26T07:40:26Z

Boursk:

These are the genres that [[Content:Title|titles]] can be tagged with. If you have an idea for a new genre tag, you can add your suggestion [https://forums.mangadex.org/threads/megathread-new-tags-suggestions.2227404/ on the forums].

'''Action''': Focuses heavily on combat and fight scenes.

'''Adventure''': Characters embark on a journey, whether for exploration or to achieve a specific goal.

'''Boys’''' '''love''': Stories centered on romantic or sexual relationships between male characters. This genre encompasses various levels of explicitness.

'''Comedy''': Intended to entertain or provoke laughter.

'''Crime''': Focuses on criminal activities from either the perspective of law enforcement or criminals.

'''Drama''': Character-driven stories with emotionally intense situations and relationships.

'''Fantasy''': Stories set in fantastical worlds, often involving magic, mythical creatures, or medieval settings.

'''Girls’''' '''love''': Stories centered on romantic or sexual relationships between female characters. Like Boys’ Love, content may vary in explicitness.

'''Historical''': Set in the past, whether based on real-world history or a fictionalized historical period.

'''Horror''': Intended to evoke fear or suspense.

'''Isekai''': The protagonist is transported to another world, time, or virtual realm.

'''Magical''' '''girls''': Focuses on girls (or occasionally boys) who use magical powers and often transform to battle evil forces.

'''Mecha''': Features large, often humanoid robots engaged in combat.

'''Medical''': Stories centered around the medical profession or healthcare.

'''Mystery''': Characters are faced with a problem or secret they must solve or uncover.

'''Philosophical''': Explores existential or moral questions through its characters or plot.

'''Psychological''': Focuses on the internal, emotional, and mental struggles of the characters.

'''Romance''': Centers on the development of romantic relationships.

'''Sci-fi''': Stories centered on science and technology, often set in the future or in alternate realities.

'''Slice of''' '''life''': Depicts everyday life with minimal drama or conflict.

'''Sports''': Focuses on athletic activities or competitions.

'''Superhero''': Features characters with superhuman abilities who are identified as heroes.

'''Thriller''': Dark, suspenseful stories that build tension and anxiety.

'''Tragedy''': Focuses on suffering and loss, often leading to emotional catharsis.

'''Wuxia''': Chinese fiction centered on martial artists in a fantastical setting.

Theme

2026-04-26T07:39:46Z

Boursk: Initial draft

These are the themes that [[Content:Title|titles]] can be tagged with. If you have an idea for a new genre tag, you can add your suggestion [https://forums.mangadex.org/threads/megathread-new-tags-suggestions.2227404/ on the forums].

'''Aliens''': Focuses on characters from other planets or dimensions.

'''Animals''': Stories involving non-human animals, often as main characters or with human-like traits.

'''Cooking''': Food preparation, enjoyment, or analysis is central to the plot.

'''Crossdressing''': Characters wear clothing traditionally associated with the opposite sex.

'''Delinquents''': Stories about high schoolers who defy societal norms, often involving fights and friendships.

'''Demons''': Intelligent, often malevolent, creatures from hell or dark mythology.

'''Genderswap''': Characters switch sex, either temporarily or permanently.

'''Ghosts''': Features spirits of deceased individuals.

'''Gyaru''': Focuses on the Japanese subculture of trendy, Westernized fashion and behavior.

'''Harem''': At least three female characters compete for the male protagonist’s affection.

'''Incest''': Sexual relationships between family members.

'''Loli''': Features young or childlike female characters with suggestive undertones.
{{Note|The above tag can only be used for works [[Content:Title#Content_Rating|rated]] “Suggestive” or higher.|warn}}

'''Mafia''': Centers around organized crime.

'''Magic''': Features mystical or supernatural elements.

'''Mahjong''': Heavily features characters playing Mahjong.

'''Martial''' '''arts''': Stories focused on combat techniques developed for self-defense or sport.

'''Military''': Involves armed forces, warfare, or military tactics.

'''Monster''' '''girls''': Female characters depicted as supernatural creatures.

'''Monsters''': Non-human creatures that play a central role in the plot.

'''Music''': Music plays a significant role in the story or the characters’ lives.

'''Ninja''': Covert operatives using martial arts and stealth techniques.

'''Office''' '''workers''': Focused on workplace life and professional interactions.

'''Police''': Law enforcement characters involved in crime-solving.

'''Post-apocalyptic''': Set after a catastrophic event that has devastated society.

'''Reincarnation''': Protagonists are reborn in another world or time.

'''Reverse''' '''harem''': At least two male characters competing for the affection of a female protagonist.

'''Samurai''': Focuses on traditional Japanese warriors and their culture.

'''School''' '''life''': Set in or around a school, with student characters.

'''Shota''': Features young or childlike male characters with suggestive undertones.

{{Note|The above tag can only be used for works [[Content:Title#Content_Rating|rated]] “Suggestive” or higher.|warn}}

'''Supernatural''': Involves otherworldly elements such as ghosts, urban legends, or paranormal phenomena.

'''Survival''': Characters face extreme circumstances where they must fight for survival.

'''Time''' '''travel''': Characters travel through time.

'''Traditional''' '''games''': Games that reflect the setting’s culture or folklore.

'''Vampires''': Features blood-drinking, immortal beings with supernatural traits.

'''Video''' '''games''': Stories centered around electronic gaming.

'''Villainess''': A subgenre of isekai where a female antagonist often has prior knowledge of the world she inhabits.

'''Virtual''' '''reality''': Characters interact in a fully simulated digital world.

'''Zombies''': Reanimated corpses that play a central role in the story.

Content:Title

2026-04-26T07:23:53Z

Boursk: Added to Content category

<translate>
Whether they are manga, manhwa, manhua, self-published works or [[Content:Title#Format|any other category of works on MangaDex]], they are collectively referred to as titles.

If you find that some titles have incomplete information, you are encouraged to send a report to update these entries. Can't find a title you're scanlating? Then feel free to submit a draft for a new title to be added to the site. Just make sure to add as much information as you can, in order to make the approval process as smoothly as possible.

== Adding Self-published Works to MangaDex ==
If you would like to add a title to MangaDex of a work that you created yourself, you should join the [https://discord.gg/mangadex MangaDex Discord server] and DM one of our moderators (anyone with a red name) directly and provide a few sample pages for the moderator to look over. If accepted, the mod will explain to you which steps to take next.

== Basic Information ==

=== Title ===
This is the main title of the entry. This should typically be the Romanized title of the language of origin.

=== Alternative Titles ===
Any official titles, translated titles and short titles that will make finding this page as easy as possible can be added here.

=== Synopsis ===
A short introduction to the title in question. This may be a synopsis from an official source or written by users to give other users a sense of what this story is all about. Avoid giving spoilers and don't use machine translated synopses when trying to fill this field. You may leave this field empty if you can't find or write your own synopsis.

Avoid adding links to this field as much as possible. Relevant links to [[Content:Title#Tracking Sites|tracking sites]], [[Content:Title#Official Sites|official sites]] and [[Content:Title#Retail Sites|retail sites]] may be added in the other sections.

== Metadata ==

=== Authors ===
List of authors of this title. If an author page does not yet exist on MangaDex, it may be created here as well.

=== Artists ===
List of artists of this title. If an artist does not have an author page yet on MangaDex, it may be created here as well. If the list of authors and artists are the same, you can tick the "Sync authors and artists" checkbox instead.

=== Original Language ===
The original language of the work.

=== Content Rating ===
'''Safe''': No obscene of vulgar depictions of the human body, including nudity, sexual content, provocative clothing, or suggestive scenes.

{{Note|Examples of inappropriate content for this rating include scenes that focus on physical allure or romantic implications through clothing or behavior.|reminder}}

'''Suggestive''': Contains minor to moderate sensual elements such as flirtation, teasing, or implied intimacy. Minor nudity may be present (e.g., a bare back or shoulder) but is not the focus. No explicit sexual activity or sexualized nudity is depicted.

'''Erotica''': Features a significant amount of sensuality and sexual content that contributes to the story. Explicit nudity and sex scenes are included, but the plot and character development remain the primary focus. The intent is not purely for sexual arousal.

'''Mature''': Sexual content is the primary focus, and the main intent is to sexually arouse the audience. Any depiction of genitals in a sexual context (even if censored with whiteout, black bars, or mosaics) automatically falls under this category.

=== Publication Status ===
This refers to the publication status of the title '''in the country of origin''', not on MangaDex.

'''Ongoing''': Still being actively published.

'''Completed''': Officially finished and no further chapters will be released.

'''Hiatus''': Temporarily paused with official notice from the author or publisher. The work is expected to resume.

'''Cancelled''': Discontinued and will not resume, possibly without official notice from the author or publisher.

=== Final Volume/Chapter ===
Only fill these fields if it is both known '''and official'''. These fields require the [[Content:Title#Publication Status|publication status]] to be set to either 'Completed' or 'Cancelled'.

The volume field can be left empty if no volume was ever released.

=== Magazine Demographic ===
This field is only applicable to titles where the original language is Japanese. It reflects the target audience of the magazine where the work was first published, regardless of the content.

'''Shounen''': Published in a magazine with a target of adolescent boys and young men, typically aged 12-18.

'''Shoujo''': Published in a magazine with a target of adolescent girls and young women, typically aged 12-18.

'''Seinen''': Published in a magazine with a target of adult men, typically aged 18 and above.

'''Josei''': Published in a magazine with a target of adult women, typically aged 18 and above.

'''None''': Published with no clear demographic target, with potential to appeal to a broad audience regardless of age or gender.

=== Publication Year ===
The first year where the title was made publicly available, either online or in print.

== Tags ==

=== Content Warning ===
'''Gore''': Detailed depictions of violence or physical trauma, including excessive blood or bodily harm. The content should be tagged if it involves graphic and extended scenes of violence, not just brief or stylized depictions.

'''Sexual Violence''': Depicts themes or scenes involving rape, sexual assault, or any other non-consensual sexual acts. Incidents that involve coercion or forced intimacy should be tagged here.

=== Format ===
'''4-Koma''': Comics that consist of four vertically arranged panels.

'''Adaption''': A work that was originally created in another medium, such as a novel, animation or video game. Adaptations of anthologies should not use this tag.

'''Anthology''': A collection of short stories from various authors.

'''Award Winning''': A series that has won a recognized industry award.

'''Doujinshi''': Independently published works, often based on existing intellectual property (e.g., fan works).

'''Fan Colored''': An unofficial, fan-colored version of an originally monochrome series.

'''Full Color''': A series that was originally published in full color.

'''Long Strip''': Pages arranged vertically, designed to be read continuously without distinct page breaks.

'''Official Colored''': An official-colored version of an originally monochrome series, released by the publisher.

'''Oneshot''': A single-chapter work.

'''Self-published''': A work uploaded by the original creator.

'''Web Comic''': A series published online on platforms such as Pixiv or Twitter.

=== Genre ===
For genre descriptions, please see the [[Genre]] page.

=== Theme ===
For theme descriptions, please see the [[Theme]] page.

== Sites ==

=== Tracking Sites ===
These can be links from the following tracking websites:

* [https://anilist.co AniList]
* [https://www.anime-planet.com Anime-Planet]
* [https://www.kitsu.io Kitsu]
* [https://www.mangaupdates.com MangaUpdates]
* [https://myanimelist.net MyAnimeList]
* [https://www.novelupdates.com Novel Updates]

=== Official Sites ===
Websites that are the official source of the published chapters in either the original language or English may be added here.

=== Retail Sites ===
Links to retail websites that sell volumes of the title may be added here. Try to add links that cover the series as a whole if possible. Otherwise link to the first volume.

The following retail website links can currently be added:

* [https://www.amazon.co.jp/ Amazon]
** Try to get the URL of the Kindle series if possible.
** Minimize the URL to its smallest form. (E.g. <nowiki>https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/SERIESID</nowiki>)
* [https://bookwalker.jp/ Book☆Walker]
** When linking to the series page, make sure not to link to the list page.
** So e.g. <nowiki>https://bookwalker.jp/series/123456/list</nowiki>, not <nowiki>https://bookwalker.jp/series/123456</nowiki>
* [https://booklive.jp/ BookLive]
* [https://www.cdjapan.co.jp/ CDJapan]
** Does not have series pages, so these can only link to volume 1
* [https://ebookjapan.yahoo.co.jp/ eBookJapan]

== Relations ==
Add relations between this title and another title currently available on MangaDex. Some relations have a parent-child relationship, while others are mirrored relationships. All relations can be added from either side of the relation and the opposite relation will automatically be shown on the related title page.

==== Parent-Child Relations ====
When adding this type of relation, make sure to add the correct relation from the perspective of the title you are adding/editing.

Use the following format to help you determine the correct relation type:<blockquote>[title currently adding/editing] is the [relation type] (version) of [related title].</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable"
!Parent
!Child
|-
|Prequel
|Sequel
|-
|Monochrome
|Colored
|-
|Serialization
|Pre-serialization
|-
|Based on
|Doujinshi
|-
|Adapted from
|Spin Off
|-
|Main Story
|Side Story
|}

==== Mirrored Relations ====
These can be either:

* Alternate Story
* Alternate Version
* Same Franchise
* Shared Universe

== Covers ==
There should always be at least one cover in the original language added when creating a title. Preferably add original volume covers in the original language in the best quality available when possible. Covers that are in portrait orientation are preferred.

The format must be either JPEG, PNG or GIF.

Covers that encompass the entirety of the work from sites like MangaPlus are allowed, but should be added as volume 0. When such covers change over time, do not add or update the existing cover until a suitable solution is implemented that can hold these variations.

If no volumes have been published nor any suitable cover can be found that represents the title as a whole, it is allowed to add a chapter cover. Once a volume cover is available, the chapter cover(s) should be removed.
</translate>
[[Category:Content]]

Genre

2026-04-26T07:17:11Z

Boursk: Initial draft

These are the genres that titles can be tagged with. If you have an idea for a new genre tag, you can add your suggestion [https://forums.mangadex.org/threads/megathread-new-tags-suggestions.2227404/ on the forums].

'''Action''': Focuses heavily on combat and fight scenes.

'''Adventure''': Characters embark on a journey, whether for exploration or to achieve a specific goal.

'''Boys’''' '''love''': Stories centered on romantic or sexual relationships between male characters. This genre encompasses various levels of explicitness.

'''Comedy''': Intended to entertain or provoke laughter.

'''Crime''': Focuses on criminal activities from either the perspective of law enforcement or criminals.

'''Drama''': Character-driven stories with emotionally intense situations and relationships.

'''Fantasy''': Stories set in fantastical worlds, often involving magic, mythical creatures, or medieval settings.

'''Girls’''' '''love''': Stories centered on romantic or sexual relationships between female characters. Like Boys’ Love, content may vary in explicitness.

'''Historical''': Set in the past, whether based on real-world history or a fictionalized historical period.

'''Horror''': Intended to evoke fear or suspense.

'''Isekai''': The protagonist is transported to another world, time, or virtual realm.

'''Magical''' '''girls''': Focuses on girls (or occasionally boys) who use magical powers and often transform to battle evil forces.

'''Mecha''': Features large, often humanoid robots engaged in combat.

'''Medical''': Stories centered around the medical profession or healthcare.

'''Mystery''': Characters are faced with a problem or secret they must solve or uncover.

'''Philosophical''': Explores existential or moral questions through its characters or plot.

'''Psychological''': Focuses on the internal, emotional, and mental struggles of the characters.

'''Romance''': Centers on the development of romantic relationships.

'''Sci-fi''': Stories centered on science and technology, often set in the future or in alternate realities.

'''Slice of''' '''life''': Depicts everyday life with minimal drama or conflict.

'''Sports''': Focuses on athletic activities or competitions.

'''Superhero''': Features characters with superhuman abilities who are identified as heroes.

'''Thriller''': Dark, suspenseful stories that build tension and anxiety.

'''Tragedy''': Focuses on suffering and loss, often leading to emotional catharsis.

'''Wuxia''': Chinese fiction centered on martial artists in a fantastical setting.

Content:Title

2026-04-26T07:04:08Z

Boursk: Added links and a little styling

Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-26T06:40:17Z

Boursk:

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Main Page

2026-04-25T03:01:55Z

Boursk: Removed ToC and disabled section edits

== Welcome to the MangaDex Wiki! ==
{| role="presentation" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; width: 100%;"
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Adding Data===
* [[Content:Title|Titles]]
* [[Content:Chapter|Chapters]]
* [[Content:Group|Groups]]
* [[Content:Report|Reports]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Guidelines===
* [[MangaDex Style:Title|General Title Style Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese|Japanese Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean|Korean Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese|Chinese Romanization Guide]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Help===
* [[FAQ:MangaDex Website|MangaDex Website Troubleshooting]]
* [[FAQ:Ban|Banned FAQ]]
* [[FAQ:Approval|Approval FAQ]]
* [[Content:Title#Adding Self-published Works to MangaDex|Self-published Titles]]
|}
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__

Main Page

2026-04-25T03:01:18Z

Boursk: Replaced default text with basic site index

== Welcome to the MangaDex Wiki! ==
{| role="presentation" style="background: transparent; text-align: left; width: 100%;"
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Adding Data===
* [[Content:Title|Titles]]
* [[Content:Chapter|Chapters]]
* [[Content:Group|Groups]]
* [[Content:Report|Reports]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Guidelines===
* [[MangaDex Style:Title|General Title Style Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Japanese|Japanese Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Korean|Korean Romanization Guide]]
* [[MangaDex Style:Romanization for Chinese|Chinese Romanization Guide]]
| valign="top" width="33%" |
===Help===
* [[FAQ:MangaDex Website|MangaDex Website Troubleshooting]]
* [[FAQ:Ban|Banned FAQ]]
* [[FAQ:Approval|Approval FAQ]]
* [[Content:Title#Adding Self-published Works to MangaDex|Self-published Titles]]
|}

Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-25T02:31:34Z

Boursk: Fixed URLs

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Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-25T02:23:58Z

Boursk: Updated the URLs to local wiki URLs

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Template:Note

2026-04-25T02:23:14Z

Boursk: Initial draft

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{{Note|type=info|text=Foo}}
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{{Note}} Loose test

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=Foo}}
</pre>
{{Note|text=Foo}}
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{{Note|type=reminder|text=Foo}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=Multiple lines of text}}
{{Note|type=reminder|text=
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{{Note}} Loose test

* Text {{Note|inline=1|text=Foo}}

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Show the template without line breaks before and after it.
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Template:Note/styles.css

2026-04-25T01:52:30Z

Boursk: Initial draft

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/* [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_notice-destructive.svg]] */
background-image: url(https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/OOjs_UI_icon_notice-destructive.svg);
background-size: 25px;
background-position: 0.5em 0.5em;
border-color: #c33;
min-height: 25px;
}

@media screen {
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
/* automatic mode */
html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .note {
background-color: transparent;
color: inherit;
}
}

File:Icon information-progressive.svg

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Boursk:

File:Icon lightbulb-yellow.svg

2026-04-25T01:19:24Z

Boursk:

File:Icon notice-destructive.svg

2026-04-25T01:19:14Z

Boursk:

File:Icon alert-warning.svg

2026-04-25T01:17:19Z

Boursk: